Inverse magnetic catalysis in field theory and gauge-gravity duality

We investigate the surface of the chiral phase transition in the three-dimensional parameter space of temperature, baryon chemical potential and magnetic field in two different approaches, the field-theoretical Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model and the holographic Sakai-Sugimoto model. The latter is a top-down approach to a gravity dual of QCD with an asymptotically large number of colors and becomes, in a certain limit, dual to an NJL-like model. Our main observation is that, at nonzero chemical potential, a magnetic field can restore chiral symmetry, in apparent contrast to the phenomenon of magnetic catalysis. This "inverse magnetic catalysis" occurs in the Sakai-Sugimoto model and, for sufficiently large coupling, in the NJL model and is related to the physics of the lowest Landau level. While in most parts our discussion is a pedagogical review of previously published results, we include new analytical results for the NJL approach and a thorough comparison of inverse magnetic catalysis in the two approaches.Comment: 37 pages, 11 figures, to appear in Lect. Notes Phys. "Strongly interacting matter in magnetic fields" (Springer), edited by D. Kharzeev, K. Landsteiner, A. Schmitt, H.-U. Ye

Hepatopulmonary syndrome in children: Literature review and clinical observation

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a syndrome characterized by arterial hypoxemia due to arteriovenous shunting in lung vessels with various liver diseases. HPS is diagnosed in 9-20% of sick children with the final stage of liver disease. Pathognomonic clinical signs of HPS are dyspnea increase on standing (platypnea) and oxygenation decrease in the standing position (orthodeoxy). To date, main methods of HPS treatment are oxygen therapy and liver transplantation. The article presents modern information on epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, study history, clinical picture, clinical and laboratory-instrumental diagnostics, therapy and disease prognosis on the basis of domestic and foreign literature and unique observations. Based on available publications and own observations of patients with HPS authors analyze data on demographic characteristics, etiology (based on liver biopsy results), computed tomography results, pathophysiology (blood oxygen saturation with room air breathing, intrapulmonary shunt ratio), therapy and disease outcome in 26 children and adolescents. The article provides clinical observation of late HPS diagnostics in a 7 year old girl hiding under the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. © 2017, Pediatria Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Hepatopulmonary syndrome in children: Literature review and clinical observation

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a syndrome characterized by arterial hypoxemia due to arteriovenous shunting in lung vessels with various liver diseases. HPS is diagnosed in 9-20% of sick children with the final stage of liver disease. Pathognomonic clinical signs of HPS are dyspnea increase on standing (platypnea) and oxygenation decrease in the standing position (orthodeoxy). To date, main methods of HPS treatment are oxygen therapy and liver transplantation. The article presents modern information on epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, study history, clinical picture, clinical and laboratory-instrumental diagnostics, therapy and disease prognosis on the basis of domestic and foreign literature and unique observations. Based on available publications and own observations of patients with HPS authors analyze data on demographic characteristics, etiology (based on liver biopsy results), computed tomography results, pathophysiology (blood oxygen saturation with room air breathing, intrapulmonary shunt ratio), therapy and disease outcome in 26 children and adolescents. The article provides clinical observation of late HPS diagnostics in a 7 year old girl hiding under the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. © 2017, Pediatria Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Moschcowitz disease): Literature review and clinical observation of the disease in a 7-year-old child

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare clinical form of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by a triad of symptoms including non-immune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and polyorganic disorders (kidneys, central nervous system, lung, heart, gastrointestinal tract). Vital organs functions disorder caused by microthrombosis and tissue ischemia. This is the only form of TMA that has 100% laboratory confirmation. The cause of TTP is the absolute deficit or decrease in ADAMTS13 metalloprotease activity, which lead to an increase of concentration in blood stream of ultra-large von Willebrand factor multimers with high adhesive and aggregation activity. ADAMTS13 level less than 10% indicates a pronounced deficiency of metalloprotease, which predetermines severe thrombotic complications development. TTP diagnostics is based on the algorithm for detecting and confirming TMA symptom complex and excluding other variants of primary and secondary TMA, which are typical and atypical hemolyticuremic syndrome and a variety of secondary TMA. The article presents a clinical observation of TTP in a 7-year-old boy. The child entered the hospital for emergency indications with complaints of body temperature in crease to 40,7 0C, headache, wet cough, jaundice, petechial elements on the skin, urine darkening. General blood test revealed severe anemia (Hb 46 g/L), absence of platelets; ADAMTS13 level was 4%. The clinical picture represented by symptom complex of polyorganic disorders, including, besides the typical kidney and brain lesions, lung and eye lesions; laboratory data allowed to diagnose TTP. The patient underwent pathogenetic therapy followed by TTP remission, but severe ischemic nephron damage with clinical laboratory complex of complete nephrotic syndrome for 8 months from the TTP's debut has no complete laboratory remission. The article presents new data on disease pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of TTP. © 2017, Pediatria Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Moschcowitz disease): Literature review and clinical observation of the disease in a 7-year-old child

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare clinical form of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by a triad of symptoms including non-immune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and polyorganic disorders (kidneys, central nervous system, lung, heart, gastrointestinal tract). Vital organs functions disorder caused by microthrombosis and tissue ischemia. This is the only form of TMA that has 100% laboratory confirmation. The cause of TTP is the absolute deficit or decrease in ADAMTS13 metalloprotease activity, which lead to an increase of concentration in blood stream of ultra-large von Willebrand factor multimers with high adhesive and aggregation activity. ADAMTS13 level less than 10% indicates a pronounced deficiency of metalloprotease, which predetermines severe thrombotic complications development. TTP diagnostics is based on the algorithm for detecting and confirming TMA symptom complex and excluding other variants of primary and secondary TMA, which are typical and atypical hemolyticuremic syndrome and a variety of secondary TMA. The article presents a clinical observation of TTP in a 7-year-old boy. The child entered the hospital for emergency indications with complaints of body temperature in crease to 40,7 0C, headache, wet cough, jaundice, petechial elements on the skin, urine darkening. General blood test revealed severe anemia (Hb 46 g/L), absence of platelets; ADAMTS13 level was 4%. The clinical picture represented by symptom complex of polyorganic disorders, including, besides the typical kidney and brain lesions, lung and eye lesions; laboratory data allowed to diagnose TTP. The patient underwent pathogenetic therapy followed by TTP remission, but severe ischemic nephron damage with clinical laboratory complex of complete nephrotic syndrome for 8 months from the TTP's debut has no complete laboratory remission. The article presents new data on disease pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of TTP. © 2017, Pediatria Ltd. All Rights Reserved

In children with bronchial asthma: Causal, complicated, unspecified, reverse

The review, based on modern literature data and the results of many years of research conducted by the authors, highlights the problem of comorbidity (multimorbidity) in children with bronchial asthma (BA). There is a grouping of concomitant diseases in children with asthma depending on the type of comorbidity (causal, complicated, unspecified, reverse). Based on epidemiological data, observational and cohort studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, information on the frequency of BA in children with various comorbid diseases and comorbid diseases in children with BA was summarized. Scientific, theoretical and practical significance of comorbidity in BA, diagnostic and treatment programs in pediatric patients suffering from BA and comorbid diseases are substantiated. © 2021, Pediatria Ltd.. All rights reserved