15,178 research outputs found
Outcomes of psychological therapies for prisoners with mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Objective: Prisoners worldwide have substantial mental health needs, but the efficacy of psychological therapy in prisons is unknown. We aimed to systematically review psychological therapies with mental health outcomes in prisoners and qualitatively summarize difficulties in conducting randomized clinical trials (RCTs).
Method: We systematically identified RCTs of psychological therapies with mental health outcomes in prisoners (37 studies). Effect sizes were calculated and meta-analyzed. Eligible studies were assessed for quality. Subgroup and metaregression analyses were conducted to examine sources of between-study heterogeneity. Thematic analysis reviewed difficulties in conducting prison RCTs.
Results: In 37 identified studies, psychological therapies showed a medium effect size (0.50, 95% CI [0.34, 0.66]) with high levels of heterogeneity with the most evidence for CBT and mindfulness-based trials. Studies that used no treatment (0.77, 95% CI [0.50, 1.03]) or waitlist controls (0.71, 95% CI [0.43, 1.00]) had larger effect sizes than those that had treatment-as-usual or other psychological therapies as controls (0.21, 95% CI [0.01, 0.41]). Effects were not sustained on follow-up at 3 and 6 months. No differences were found between group and individual therapy, or different treatment types. The use of a fidelity measure was associated with lower effect sizes. Qualitative analysis identified difficulties with follow-up and institutional constraints on scheduling and implementation of trials.
Conclusions: CBT and mindfulness-based therapies are modestly effective in prisoners for depression and anxiety outcomes. In prisons with existing psychological therapies, more evidence is required before additional therapies can be recommended
Superplastic Flow of Two-Phase Ceramics Containing Rigid lnclusions— Zirconia/Mullite Composites
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65946/1/j.1151-2916.1990.tb09796.x.pd
Impurities, Quantum Interference and Quantum Phase Transitions in s-wave superconductors
We study the effects of quantum interference in impurity structures
consisting of two or three magnetic impurities that are located on the surface
of an s-wave superconductor. By using a self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes
formalism, we show that quantum interference leads to characteristic signatures
not only in the local density of states (LDOS), but also in the spatial form of
the superconducting order parameter. We demonstrate that the signatures of
quantum interference in the LDOS are qualitatively, and to a large extent
quantitatively unaffected by the suppression of the superconducting order
parameter near impurities, which illustrates the robustness of quantum
interference phenomena. Moreover, we show that by changing the interimpurity
distance, or the impurities' scattering strength, the s-wave superconductor can
be tuned through a series of first order quantum phase transitions in which the
spin polarization of its ground state changes. In contrast to the single
impurity case, this transition is not necessarily accompanied by a -phase
shift of the order parameter, and can in certain cases even lead to its
enhancement. Our results demonstrate that the superconductor's LDOS, its spin
state, and the spatial form of the superconducting order parameter are
determined by a subtle interplay between the relative positions of the
impurities and their scattering strength
Nano granular metallic Fe - oxygen deficient TiO composite films: A room temperature, highly carrier polarized magnetic semiconductor
Nano granular metallic iron (Fe) and titanium dioxide (TiO) were
co-deposited on (100) lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO) substrates in a low
oxygen chamber pressure using a pulsed laser ablation deposition (PLD)
technique. The co-deposition of Fe and TiO resulted in 10 nm
metallic Fe spherical grains suspended within a TiO matrix. The
films show ferromagnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization of 3100 Gauss
at room temperature. Our estimate of the saturation magnetization based on the
size and distribution of the Fe spheres agreed well with the measured value.
The film composite structure was characterized as p-type magnetic semiconductor
at 300 K with a carrier density of the order of . The
hole carriers were excited at the interface between the nano granular Fe and
TiO matrix similar to holes excited in the metal/n-type
semiconductor interface commonly observed in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS)
devices. From the large anomalous Hall effect directly observed in these films
it follows that the holes at the interface were strongly spin polarized.
Structure and magneto transport properties suggested that these PLD films have
potential nano spintronics applications.Comment: 6 pages in Latex including 8 figure
Conformal Couplings in Induced Gravity
It is found that the induced gravity with conformal couplings requires the
conformal invariance in both classical and quantum levels for consistency. This
is also true for the induced gravity with an extended conformal coupling
interacting with torsion.Comment: 10 pages, Revtex3.0, to appear in General Relativity and Gravitatio
Influence of GaInP ordering on the electronic quality of concentrator solar cells
The ordering phenomenon produces a reduction in the band gap of the GaInP material. Though a drawback for many optoelectronic applications, ordering can be used as an additional degree of material and device engineering freedom. The performance of the record efficiency GaInP/GaAs/Ge multijunction solar cells depends on the quality and design of the GaInP top cell, which can be affected also by ordering. The tradeoff existing between band gap and minority carrier properties, and the possibility of creating a back surface field (BSF) structure based on an order–disorder GaInP heterostructure makes the study of the ordering appealing for solar cell applications. In this work, the ordering dependency with the growth conditions and substrate orientation is studied. The results obtained are presented to enrich and extend the data available in the literature. Then the properties of order–disorder GaInP heterostructures are assessed by using them as BSF in GaInP concentrator solar cells. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) shows a good behavior of these BSF layers, but unexpectedly poor electronic quality in the active layers. Although the exact origin of this problem remains to be known, it is attributed to traps introduced by the ordered/disordered domains matrix or growth native defects. EQE measurements with bias light show a recovery of the minority carrier properties, presumably due to the saturation of the traps
High Fidelity Tape Transfer Printing Based On Chemically Induced Adhesive Strength Modulation
Transfer printing, a two-step process (i.e. picking up and printing) for heterogeneous integration, has been widely exploited for the fabrication of functional electronics system. To ensure a reliable process, strong adhesion for picking up and weak or no adhesion for printing are required. However, it is challenging to meet the requirements of switchable stamp adhesion. Here we introduce a simple, high fidelity process, namely tape transfer printing(TTP), enabled by chemically induced dramatic modulation in tape adhesive strength. We describe the working mechanism of the adhesion modulation that governs this process and demonstrate the method by high fidelity tape transfer printing several types of materials and devices, including Si pellets arrays, photodetector arrays, and electromyography (EMG) sensors, from their preparation substrates to various alien substrates. High fidelity tape transfer printing of components onto curvilinear surfaces is also illustrated
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