The use of nanosecond electron beam for the eggs surface disinfection in industrial poultry

Development of the technology bases of egg disinfection using surface irradiation is executed by the nanosecond electron beam. Experiments on shell eggs irradiation using the frequency nanosecond URT-0.5 accelerator were made. Determination of absorbed dose distributionwas executed. In case of irradiation by the electron beam with absorbed dose level 5 kGy, it is enough for the full disinfection of the surface and pores of egg shell. The absorbed dose in the egg at the expense of bremsstrahlung will not exceed 0.08 Gy which can't have essential action on protein. Irradiation of shell eggs batch in plastic package of 100 pieces pledged in an incubator together with an inspection lot of not irradiated egg was made. The percent of eggs deductibility and chickens survival of pilot and control batches were identical, indicating that there was no significant radio biological effect from irradiation of egg internal structures. The received chickens were grown up within the 5 weeks. It is established that the chickens who are grown up from the irradiated egg have no essential differences in development. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.This work was performed within a support of the Russian Science No. 16-16-04038)

THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF VARIETIES OF ALFALFA IN THE CENTRAL-CHERNOZEM ZONE

Three-year study of one hundred world collection of alfalfa was conducted in Central Black-Earth zone of Russia. The varieties of Medicago × varia ‘Zheltogibridnaya 99’, ‘Flora 2’, ‘Karlygash’ and ‘№ 152’ (hybrid ‘Severnaya hybridnaya’ בAugune II’) were recommended for breeding programs. The most variable were character of seed production, productivity of green mass and hay yield productivity; character of foliage and the intensity of regrowth of plants on the 20-th day after spring regrowth had medium variability. The height before the first mowing and height in the phase of full flowering had low variability. There was a significant correlation between the yield of green mass and hay, the yield of green mass and intensity of regrowth and a weak negative correlation between the yield of green mass and seed yield

Designing 3D topological insulators by 2D-Xene (X = Ge, Sn) sheet functionalization in the GaGeTe-type structures

State-of-the-art theoretical studies anticipate a 2D Dirac system in the "heavy'' analogues of graphene, free-standing buckled honeycomb-like Xenes (X = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, etc.). Herewith we regard a 2D sheet, which structurally and electronically resembles Xenes, in a 3D periodic, rhombohedral structure of layered AXTe (A = Ga, In; X = Ge, Sn) bulk materials. This structural family is predicted to host a 3D strong topological insulator with Z(2) = 1;(111) as a result of functionalization of the Xene derivative by covalent interactions. The parent structure GaGeTe is a long-known bulk semiconductor; the "heavy'', isostructural analogues InSnTe and GaSnTe are predicted to be dynamically stable. Spin-orbit interaction in InSnTe opens a small topological band gap with inverted gap edges that are mainly composed of the In-5s and Te-5p states. Our simulations classify GaSnTe as a semimetal with topological properties, whereas the verdict for GaGeTe is not conclusive and urges further experimental verification. The AXTe family structures can be regarded as stacks of 2D layered cut-outs from a zincblende-type lattice and are composed of elements that are broadly used in modern semiconductor devices; hence they represent an accessible, attractive alternative for applications in spintronics. The layered nature of AXTe should facilitate the exfoliation of their hextuple layers and manufacture of heterostructures

CLINICAL PSYCHIATRIC INTERVIEW (LECTURE)

Aim. To reflect the theoretical foundations and create a minimum set of practical skills of diagnostic and treatment interviewing in psychiatry.Materials and methods. To achieve this goal a thematic selection of scientific literature sources of both classical and modern domestic and foreign authors was carried out. In addition, the authors focused on the rich personal experience of interviewing, which allowed choosing and describing the most effective, practically significant methods and methods of clinical diagnosis in psychiatry in the form of psychiatric interviewing.Results. The factors that determine the nature and content of the interview: place, time, participants of the interview – doctor and patient have been described and analyzed. The analytical description of the main psychotechnologies which are used by the psychiatrist (psychotherapist) in the course of interview is given: establishment of contact, technology of hearing of and listening to the patient, technology of asking questions, technology of a pause and silence, technology of tactile contact, technology of using humour, advice, recommendation, interpretation, technology of finishing the interview and its structuring.Conclusion. Clinical interview is the main diagnostic and psychotherapeutic tool of a psychiatrist, and especially of a psychotherapist. The diagnostic effectiveness of a psychiatric interview is determined by the extent to which the information obtained in the course of it is structured into a diagnostic concept, the therapeutic effectiveness is determined by the extent to which the patient accepts the concept of understanding by the doctor of his painful condition (achieved compliance)

Experience in Studying Herd and Individual Immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Medical Workers

The aim was to study SARS-CoV-2 immunity among medical workers in Kazan.Materials and methods. Studied were serum samples from 348 medical workers from 10 medical organizations in Kazan, divided into groups according to the level of the alleged risk of infection of employees. To determine IgG, a two-stage direct version of the solid-phase ELISA and the test-system “SARS-CoV-2-IgG-ELISA-BEST” (Russia) were used.Results and discussion. At the time of the study and over the previous three months, the examined medical workers had no symptoms of acute respiratory viral infection or respiratory tract infections; there were negative results of examining nasopharyngeal/ oropharyngeal swabs for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Seroprevalence for IgG to SARS-CoV-2 virus for different medical organizations in Kazan ranged within the scope of 3.3–30.8 % and averaged 16.4 %. The wide variation in seroprevalence values in medical workers of different medical organizations may indicate different levels of intensity of professional contacts and the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures in these medical organizations. Among medical workers with seropositive results, the prevalence of persons with a very high coefficient of positivity (49.1 %) is observed, which characterizes high level of antiviral antibodies. The presence of a high proportion of seropositive individuals among medical workers, who have had an asymptomatic form of COVID-19 confirms the high intensity of the latent epidemic process, which must be taken into account when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination

Overview of Hantavirus Infections in the World, the Epidemiological Situation on Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in the Russian Federation in 2021, and Forecast for 2022

The paper presents a description of the epidemiological situation on Hantavirus infection incidence in the countries around the world. Comparative analysis of the intensity and dynamics of the epidemiological process of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Russian Federation by Federal Districts in 2021 has been carried out and forecast of the HFRS incidence for 2022 prepared. The study has revealed that tense situation on incidence of hantavirus diseases was observed in the world in 2021. On the territory of the Russian Federation, there was a decrease in the HFRS incidence in 2021 (by 1.7 times compared to 2020). However, the results of epidemiological analysis of the HFRS incidence, epizootiological data and laboratory studies in certain Federal Districts of the Russian Federation indicate that the epidemiological situation on HFRS remains tense. High risk of HFRS infection is predicted in a number of regions of the country due to the favorable natural and climatic conditions in the winter period of 2021–2022 with a heavy snow cover, which contributed to the under-snow reproduction of small mammals, the main carriers of HFRS. The presence of infected rodents testifies to a high likelihood of complication of the epidemiological situation in areas of increased epidemic risk of HFRS

Coverage with timely administered vaccination against hepatitis b virus and its influence on the prevalence of HBV infection in the regions of different endemicity

Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by grant of the Russian Science Foundation (ID-20-15-00148). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Universal hepatitis B vaccination of newborns was implemented in Russia starting from 1998. From 1998 to 2019, the incidence of acute hepatitis B reduced from 43.8 to 0.57 cases per 100,000 population. Here, we assessed the timely coverage of newborns with the birth dose (HepB-BD), second dose (HepB-2nd), and three vaccine doses (HepB3) in two remote regions of Russia with low (Belgorod Oblast) and high (Yakutia) levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemicity. Vaccination data were obtained from the medical records of 1000 children in Yakutia and 2182 children in Belgorod Oblast. Sera of healthy volunteers from Belgorod Oblast (n = 1754) and Yakutia (n = 1072) across all age groups were tested for serological markers of HBV to assess the infection prevalence and herd immunity. Average HepB-BD coverage was 99.2% in Yakutia and 89.4% in Belgorod Oblast (p < 0.0001) and in both regions varied significantly, from 66% to 100%, between medical centers. The principal reason for the absence of HepB-BD was parent refusal, which accounted for 63.5% of cases of non-vaccination (83/123). While timely HepB-2nd coverage was only 55.4%–64.7%: HepB3 coverage by the age of one year exceeded 90% in both study regions. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence in the 1998–2019 birth cohort was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.01–1.3%) in Belgorod Oblast and 3.2% (95% CI: 1.9–5.2%) in Yakutia. The proportion of persons testing negative for both antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and antibodies to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) in the 1998–2019 birth cohort was 26.2% (125/481) in Belgorod Oblast and 32.3% (162/501) in Yakutia. We also assessed the knowledge of and attitude towards vaccination among 782 students and teachers of both medical and non-medical specialties from Belgorod State University. Only 60% of medical students knew that hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. Both medical and nonmedical students, 37.8% and 31.3%, respectively, expressed concerns about safety and actual necessity of vaccination. These data indicate the need to introduce a vaccine delivery audit system, improve medical education with respect to vaccination strategies and policies, and reinforce public knowledge on the benefits of vaccination.Peer reviewe

Study of features of humoral immune response to the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 among healthcare workers

Relevance. Since the beginning of the epidemic in China, there have been reports of nosocomial cases of SARSCoV-2 infection, including among medical workers. Studies of the intensity of humoral immune response to the SARSCoV-2 virus among medical workers who are much more likely to have professional contact with COVID-19 patients than are of particular importance. The aim is to study the seroprevalence and features of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 among medical workers. Materials and methods. The study included 61 medical workers from a multidisciplinary hospital in Kazan, which was redesigned to provide medical care to patients with new coronavirus infection, using the method of random sampling. The control group consisted of 60 non-medical workers. For the determination of IgG, a solid-phase ELISA was used. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using MS Excel software. The error of the relative value (M±m) was calculated, and the 95% confidence interval of the frequency of occurrence. To assess the significance of differences, the Student’s test (t-test) was used for independent samples. Results. The proportion of those seropositive to SARS-CoV-2 in the study group was 45.9%, compared with 21.7% in the control group. Among medical workers seropositive to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the proportion of asymptomatic forms was 18.5%, mild forms — 53.6%, moderate forms and severe forms 25%. Two forms of the formation of a humoral immune response among seropositive ones were revealed: the first is characterized by the gradual elimination of specific IgG antibodies to SARSCoV-2 after 8 weeks from the onset of the first symptoms of COVID-19, the second form is an increase in specific IgG to SARS-CoV-2 and a higher value of the coefficient level of IgM positivity to SARS-CoV-2 after 8–10 weeks from the onset of the first symptoms. The group of seropositive, “raising antibodies”, prevailed over the group of individuals “eliminating antibodies”. Among seropositive medical workers, two forms of the formation of a humoral immune response were revealed: synchronous with the parallel elimination of IgG and IgM antibodies and a parallel increase in IgG and IgM. Conclusion. The study of the level of humoral immunity to COVID-19 in medical workers is important in terms of planning both anti-epidemic measures and predicting the effectiveness of the response to vaccination to SARS-CoV-2

Natural Focality of Lyme Borreliosis, Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Monocytic Ehrlichiosis in Humans in the Republic of Tatarstan

Objective of the study is to investigate natural focality of Ixodidae tick borreliosis, granulocytic anaplasmosis, monocytic ehrli-chiosis in humans in the Republic of Tatarstan. Materials and methods. Utilized were the data from tick studies conducted between 2010–2015. Applying immune-enzymatic analysis, investigated were the blood sera from residents (donors) of Kazan and municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan for the presence of specific antibodies to borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis pathogens. Results and conclusions. For the first time ever, the data on spontaneous carriage of Ehrlichiosis pathogens in Ixodidae ticks have been obtained. The information received is an indicative of the active circulation of Borrelia, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma in the territory of the region and of necessity to expand the research on the “novel” for the Republic nosological forms of natural-focal infections