From Bit To Bedside: A Practical Framework For Artificial Intelligence Product Development In Healthcare

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare holds great potential to expand access to high-quality medical care, whilst reducing overall systemic costs. Despite hitting the headlines regularly and many publications of proofs-of-concept, certified products are failing to breakthrough to the clinic. AI in healthcare is a multi-party process with deep knowledge required in multiple individual domains. The lack of understanding of the specific challenges in the domain is, therefore, the major contributor to the failure to deliver on the big promises. Thus, we present a decision perspective framework, for the development of AI-driven biomedical products, from conception to market launch. Our framework highlights the risks, objectives and key results which are typically required to proceed through a three-phase process to the market launch of a validated medical AI product. We focus on issues related to Clinical validation, Regulatory affairs, Data strategy and Algorithmic development. The development process we propose for AI in healthcare software strongly diverges from modern consumer software development processes. We highlight the key time points to guide founders, investors and key stakeholders throughout their relevant part of the process. Our framework should be seen as a template for innovation frameworks, which can be used to coordinate team communications and responsibilities towards a reasonable product development roadmap, thus unlocking the potential of AI in medicine.Comment: 30 pages, 4 figure

Campus Mobility for the Future: The Electric Bicycle

Sustainable and practical personal mobility solutions for campus environments have traditionally revolved around the use of bicycles, or provision of pedestrian facilities. However many campus environments also experience traffic congestion, parking difficulties and pollution from fossil-fuelled vehicles. It appears that pedal power alone has not been sufficient to supplant the use of petrol and diesel vehicles to date, and therefore it is opportune to investigate both the reasons behind the continual use of environmentally unfriendly transport, and consider potential solutions. This paper presents the results from a year-long study into electric bicycle effectiveness for a large tropical campus, identifying barriers to bicycle use that can be overcome through the availability of public use electric bicycles

Pengaruh Likuiditas, Leverage, Komisaris Independen, Manajemen Laba,dan Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Perusahaan (Studi Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2011-2013)

This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of liquidity, leverage, independent commissioner, earnings management, and ownership institusional against the aggressiveness of corporate tax.The method used in this research is descriptive method. The population in this study is a company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sampling technique using purposive sampling method prescribed researchers for years 2011 to 2013. The sample was manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). Hypothesis testing transactions are carried out using multiple linear regression approach. The statistical test equipment used is a program Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). Data used in the form of corporate financial statements contained in ICMD and http://www.idx.co.id/ website. Results from this study indicate that the independent commissioner liquidity and significant negative effect, with a significance of liquidity (0.025 0.05), which does not affect the aggressiveness of corporate tax

Pengaruh Reward sebagai Variabel Moderasi dengan Kompetensi, Independensi, Pengalaman Kerja, dan Keahlian Profesional terhadap Kualitas Audit

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey pada Inspektorat Provinsi dan Kabupaten di Riau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh reward sebagai variabel moderasi dengan kompetensi, independensi, pengalaman kerja, dan keahlian profesional terhadap kualitas audit. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh auditor yang melakukan pekerjaan pemeriksaan di Inspektorat Provinsi Riau, Kabupaten Rokan Hulu, dan Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir yang berjumlah 45 orang. Penelitian ini merupakan survei sensus. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer, dan metode pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi dengan pengolahan data menggunakan SPSS. Dari hasil pengujian hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa kompetensi, independensi, pengalaman kerja, keahlian profesional, interaksi antara kompetensi dan reward, dan interaksi antara keterampilan profesional dan reward berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kualitas audit. Sementara interaksi antara independensi dan reward, dan interaksi dari pengalaman kerja dan reward tidak berpengaruh terhadap kualitas audit

Components of Cross-Frequency Modulation in Health and Disease

The cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia are commonly believed to arise from the abnormal temporal integration of information, however a quantitative approach to assess network coordination is lacking. Here, we propose to use cross-frequency modulation (cfM), the dependence of local high-frequency activity on the phase of widespread low-frequency oscillations, as an indicator of network coordination and functional integration. In an exploratory analysis based on pre-existing data, we measured cfM from multi-channel EEG recordings acquired while schizophrenia patients (n = 47) and healthy controls (n = 130) performed an auditory oddball task. Novel application of independent component analysis (ICA) to modulation data delineated components with specific spatial and spectral profiles, the weights of which showed covariation with diagnosis. Global cfM was significantly greater in healthy controls (F1,175 = 9.25, P < 0.005), while modulation at fronto-temporal electrodes was greater in patients (F1,175 = 17.5, P < 0.0001). We further found that the weights of schizophrenia-relevant components were associated with genetic polymorphisms at previously identified risk loci. Global cfM decreased with copies of 957C allele in the gene for the dopamine D2 receptor (r = −0.20, P < 0.01) across all subjects. Additionally, greater “aberrant” fronto-temporal modulation in schizophrenia patients was correlated with several polymorphisms in the gene for the α2-subunit of the GABAA receptor (GABRA2) as well as the total number of risk alleles in GABRA2 (r = 0.45, P < 0.01). Overall, our results indicate great promise for this approach in establishing patterns of cfM in health and disease and elucidating the roles of oscillatory interactions in functional connectivity

General framework for revising class A3 refrigerant charge limits - a discussion

Currently, industry and governmental entities are increasingly concerned with the restrictive controls on flammable refrigerant – particularly class A3 – charge limits, within safety standards. Since A3 refrigerants, such as R290 and R1270, are in many respects considered as desirable refrigerants to help resolve the global warming problem associated with other options (such as HFCs), safety standards should be formulated so that A3 refrigerant could be applied more widely than permitted today. An analysis of current standards reveals the extent to which A3 refrigerants currently can be applied. Further analysis of these and standards from other sectors help identify concepts and protective measures that can be applied to extend equipment across a range of larger cooling and heating capacities. The objective is to discuss how charge limits could be revised to enable a wider application of A3 refrigerants, with respect to safety regulations and associated implications, concepts and approaches available in published literature

Potential Impact of miR-137 and Its Targets in Schizophrenia

The significant impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) on disease pathology is becoming increas- ingly evident. These small non-coding RNAs have the ability to post-transcriptionally silence the expression of thousands of genes. Therefore, dysregulation of even a single miRNA could confer a large polygenic effect. Schizophrenia is a genetically complex illness thought to involve multiple genes each contributing a small risk. Large genome-wide association studies identified miR-137, a miRNA shown to be involved in neuronal maturation, as one of the top risk genes. To assess the potential mechanism of impact of miR-137 in this disorder and identify its targets, we used a combination of literature searches, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), and freely accessible bioinformatics resources. Using TargetScan and the schizophrenia gene resource (SZGR) database, we found that in addition to CSMD1, C10orf26, CACNA1C, TCF4, and ZNF804A, five schizophrenia risk genes whose transcripts are also validated miR-137 targets, there are other schizophrenia-associated genes that may be targets of miR-137, including ERBB4, GABRA1, GRIN2A, GRM5, GSK3B, NRG2, and HTR2C. IPA analyses of all the potential targets identified several nervous system (NS) functions as the top canonical pathways including synaptic long-term potentiation, a process implicated in learning and memory mechanisms and recently shown to be altered in patients with schizophrenia. Among the subset of targets involved in NS development and function, the top scoring pathways were ephrin receptor signaling and axonal guidance, processes that are critical for proper circuitry formation and were shown to be disrupted in schizophrenia. These results suggest that miR-137 may indeed play a substantial role in the genetic etiology of schizophrenia by regulating networks involved in neural development and brain function

Impact of host characteristics on liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Smatra se da oko 200 milijuna ljudi u svijetu boluje od kroničnog hepatitisa C što predstavlja velik javnozdravstveni problem. Kronični hepatitis C je bolest vrlo heterogenog kliničkog tijeka pri čemu je osnovni čimbenik dugoročne prognoze brzina napredovanja jetrene fibroze koja konačno rezultira cirozom i njenim komplikacijama uključivo i nastankom hepatocelularnog karcinoma. Na prirodni tijek bolesti značajno utječu karakteristike domaćina. S lošijom prognozom povezuju se muški spol, starija dob kod stjecanja infekcije, bijela rasa, određeni aleli gena sustava HLA, interleukina i kemokina, koagulacijskih faktora, faktora rasta, tkivnih metaloproteinaza, opterećenje željezom te steatoza jetre u sklopu metaboličkog sindroma. Prepoznavanje i analiza ovih čimbenika iznimno je značajna za brzu identifikaciju bolesnika s potencijalnom brzom progresijom bolesti i optimizaciju njihovog liječenja.Hepatitis C virus infection is an important global public health problem with 200 million people suffering from chronic disease worldwide. The clinical course of chronic hepatitis C is heterogeneous. The most important predictor of long-term diseases outcome is the dynamics of liver fibrosis progression which leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Natural course of chronic infection is significantly determined by the characteristics of the host. Male sex, older age at the disease onset, Caucasian race, host\u27s genetic polymorphism for HLA, interleukins, chemokines, coagulation factors, growth factors, tissue metalloproteinases as well as iron overload and liver steatosis represent host factors associated with unfavorable disease outcome. Recognition and analysis of these factors is important for the early identification of rapid progressors and treatment optimization of these patients

Response of giant foxtail and wild proso millet to artificial light quality alteration

Light is an essential requirement for proper plant growth and development. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine whether artificial alteration of light quality (reducing the red to far-red ratio-R:FR) differentially affected the growth and development of giant foxtail and wild proso millet, two troublesome annual grass weeds in the United States. Growth phenotypes of both weeds were examined under two R:FR regimes (0.28-reduced R:FR and 1.12-unaltered R:FR) in the absence of competition (control conditions) and under intraspecific and interspecific competition. The reduced R:FR simulated shaded (below-canopy) R:FR conditions in the field while the unaltered R:FR treatment simulated direct sunlight (above-canopy) conditions. Averaged across weed species, reducing the R:FR increased plant height, but reduced tiller production and above-ground biomass under no plant competition (P&lt;0.05). In the presence of competition, reducing the R:FR increased plant height and internode length but reduced the number of tillers and leaf area across weed species. No phenotypic differences were observed for weeds tested under intraspecific or interspecific competition. Our study has shown that the response of both weeds to artificial R:FR alteration is similar to that observed under shaded field conditions. Therefore, by replacing bordering plants with a crop, controlled experiments can be used to test the effect of crop canopies on weed suppression when selecting cultivars to be planted in areas where certain weed species are prevalent, minimizing weed-related yield losses