Application of impedance spectroscopy and conductometry for assessment of varietal differences in wheat

The potentials of an electrochemical and a physical technique for detection of physiological differences in three wheat cultivars under optimal growth conditions were outlined in the study. Electrolyte leakage kinetics was established by continuous measurements of conductivity of solutions in which leaf pieces were incubated for 24 hours. Impedance spectra were obtained from intact leaves at frequency range from 7 to 2010 Hz and 250 mV measuring voltage applied between two gold plated silicon substrates serving as electrodes. The obtained spectra were approximated by a model employing two ARC elements connected in series. Parameters of the previously described diffusion model based on time course conductivity measurements were inversely correlated with electrical impedance spectroscopy data, thus the genotype with highest ion leakage (cultivar Prelom) exhibited lowest impedance magnitude. It was concluded that the two methods were able not merely to distinguish the three studied cultivars but also to rank them in the same order based on their electrical properties

OPEN BORDERS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN IDENTITY ON THE EXAMPLE OF CERTAIN EU MEMBER-STATES

During the acute phase of the migration crisis (2014–2015) in a large number of European Union states, policies restricting internal borders and the strengthening of external borders took place, which raised serious questions about the future of the European Union’s borders. Ever since the emergence of supranational structures, freedom of movement, capital, goods, services and labor has all been the principal focus points of the EU countries cooperation. The uncertain nature and complexlexity regarding migration issues, strengthening of Eurosceptic sentiments in certain EU countries, the commitment to population in certain member states, the EU’s future and its main achievements (including such issues as freedom of borders, which is still under threat of illegal migration and criminal-terrorist elements) remain a big question.The authors of the article aim to evaluate the current state and threats to open borders of the European Union using analysis of common European identity. One of its elements includes the population’s attitude to issues such as the mobility and freedom of borders and their relation with national identity on the example of different EU countries, which consistently support and/or criticize the existing supranational model.In the first part of the article, the author discuss’ the main causes for why the EU borders at present have grown so important. Also, their correlation to the task of strengthening solidarity and trust throughout the EU, by overcoming a common European identity crisis.In the second part of the article the process of forming a common European identity and the reflection of this concept in the basic documents of the EU are presented retrospectively. In the third part the place of migration and its relation to the problem of borders in national and European identities through the example of EU member-states is illustrated by the example of countries whose population is both European oriented and by Eurosceptic states. In the final section conclusions are drawn regarding the importance of «open borders» for the EU in medium and long term outlook

LUMINESCENCE OF ALUMINUM OXIDE FILMS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THEIR APPLICATION IN NANOPHOTONICS PLANAR MICROSTRUCTURES

Various methods of fabrication the luminescent film structures based on porous anodic alumina are analyzed. Manufacturing of luminescent structures by anodizing aluminum in oxalic acid allows observation of visible to the naked eye photoluminescence in the blue range, which remains under ambient conditions for a year or longer. Alumina xerogel prepared in a form of powder demonstrates luminescence in the blue range, which disappears totally after annealing at 800 ºC. Photoluminescence of porous anodic alumina which contains terbium ions in the xerogel of alumina or deposited from solutions of salts formed in the anodic alumina pores has been investigated. The perspectives of formation of planar microstructures using a porous anodic alumina supporting electromagnetic whispering gallery modes are discussed

ЛЮМИНЕСЦЕНЦИЯ ПЛЕНОК ОКСИДА АЛЮМИНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИХ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В ПЛАНАРНЫХ МИКРОСТРУКТУРАХ НАНОФОТОНИКИ

Various methods of fabrication the luminescent film structures based on porous anodic alumina are analyzed. Manufacturing of luminescent structures by anodizing aluminum in oxalic acid allows observation of visible to the naked eye photoluminescence in the blue range, which remains under ambient conditions for a year or longer. Alumina xerogel prepared in a form of powder demonstrates luminescence in the blue range, which disappears totally after annealing at 800 ºC. Photoluminescence of porous anodic alumina which contains terbium ions in the xerogel of alumina or deposited from solutions of salts formed in the anodic alumina pores has been investigated. The perspectives of formation of planar microstructures using a porous anodic alumina supporting electromagnetic whispering gallery modes are discussed.Анализируются различные методы формирования люминесцентных пленочных структур на основе анодного оксида алюминия. Изготовление люминесцентных структур анодированием алюминия в щавелевой кислоте позволяет получить видимую невооруженным глазом фотолюминесценцию в синем диапазоне, которая сохраняется при хранении образцов в комнатных условиях в течение года и более. Ксерогель оксида алюминия, приготовленный в виде порошка, также демонстрирует люминесценцию в синем диапазоне, которая исчезает полностью после отжига порошка при температуре 800 ºС. Исследована фотолюминесценция пористого анодного оксида алюминия, содержащего тербий, осажденный из растворов солей или в составе ксерогеля оксида алюминия, сформированного в порах анодного оксида алюминия. Обсуждаются перспективы формирования планарных микроструктур с использованием пористого анодного оксида алюминия, поддерживающих электромагнитные моды шепчущей галереи