The Neurophysiological Validation of the Hyperpolarization Theory of Internal Inhibition

En los experimentos con conejos conscientes no inmovilizados se ha mostrado que la interrupción de lasreacciones tras la supresión del refuerzo, es decir, la elaboración de la inhibición interna, se ve acompañada por el incremento de fases, la alternancia de la activación y la inhibición del disparo de las neuronas, y sus correspondientes oscilaciones lentas de potencial. Estos cambios pueden ser locales, principalmente en las estructuras del estímulo condicionado o, en caso de incremento del estado de inhibición, generalizados sobre las estructuras del cerebro. Basándonos en nuestros datos y en los de la literatura actual se llega a la conclusión de que ese fenómeno está condicionado por el incremento de los procesos inhibitorios de hiperpolarización a raíz del incremento de la reactividad de los sistemas inhibitorios de la acción del estímulo, que adquiere significado inhibitorio durante el proceso de aprendizaje. La oscilación de la excitabilidad y reactividad en las poblaciones de elementos nerviosos que surge durante el incremento de la inhibición de la hiperpolarización, divergentes en distintas estructuras del cerebro, juega un papel activo en la ejecución de la función básica de la inhibición interna, la limitación de la transmisión de la excitación a los efectores. El mediador inhibidor, el ácido gama aminobutírico (GABA), juega un papel esencial en la desarrollo de la inhibición de la excitación al estímulo que ha perdido su significado biológico. Estos datos experimentales y su interpretación a la luz de los datos de la literatura dan fundamento al desarrollo de la teoría de hiperpolarización de la inhibición interna.The experiments in conscious non-immobilized rabbits showed that cessation of the reactions without reinforcement (elaboration of the internal inhibition) is accompanied by an enhanced phasic state, by alternation of activation and inhibition of neuron firing, and by the corresponding slow potential oscillation (SPO). These changes can be either localized, predominantly in the structures of conditioned stimulus, or, under enhancement of the inhibitory state, generalized in the brain structures. On the basis of our experience and published data, it is concluded that the above event results from relative enhancement of the inhibitory hyperpolarizing processes due to increase in reactivity of the inhibitory systems to stimulus, which acquires inhibitory properties during learning. Changes in the excitability and reactivity of neuron populations appearing during enhancement of the hyperpolarizing inhibition, and differing in the various brain structures, play an active role in the execution of the main function of the internal inhibition: limitation of excitation transmission to the effectors. An inhibitory mediator gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is of great importance in inhibiting the excitation in response to the stimulus which lost its biological significance. These experimental data and their interpretation in the light of published data give the basis for the development of the hyperpolarization theory of internal inhibition

From Coulomb excitation cross sections to non-resonant astrophysical rates in three-body systems: 17^{17}Ne case

Coulomb and nuclear dissociation of $^{17}$Ne on light and heavy targets are studied theoretically. The dipole E1 strength function is determined in a broad energy range including energies of astrophysical interest. Dependence of the strength function on different parameters of the $^{17}$Ne ground state structure and continuum dynamics is analyzed in a three-body model. The discovered dependence plays an important role for studies of the strength functions for the three-body E1 dissociation and radiative capture. The constraints on the $[s^2]/[d^2]$ configuration mixing in $^{17}$Ne and on $p$-wave interaction in the $^{15}$O+$p$ channel are imposed based on experimental data for $^{17}$Ne Coulomb dissociation on heavy target.Comment: 12 pages, 13 figure

A minimization algorithm with approximation of an epigraph of the objective function and a constraint set

Copyright © by the paper's authors.An algorithm is suggested for solving a convex programming problem which belongs to a class of cutting methods. In the algorithm an epigraph of the objective function and a feasible solutions set of the problem are embedded into some auxiliary sets to construct iteration points. Since these embedded sets are constructed as polyhedral sets in the algorithm, then each iteration point is found by solving a linear programming problem independently of the type of functions which define the initial problem. The suggested algorithm is characterized by the following fact. Sets which approximate the epigraph of the objective function can be updated periodically on the base of discarding cutting planes

A minimization method on the basis of embedding the feasible set and the epigraph

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.We propose a conditional minimization method of the convex nonsmooth function which belongs to the class of cutting-plane methods. During constructing iteration points a feasible set and an epigraph of the objective function are approximated by the polyhedral sets. In this connection, auxiliary problems of constructing iteration points are linear programming problems. In optimization process there is some opportunity of updating sets which approximate the epigraph. These updates are performed by periodically dropping of cutting planes which form embedding sets. Convergence of the proposed method is proved, some realizations of the method are discussed

A Cutting Method with Approximation of a Constraint Region and an Epigraph for Solving Conditional Minimization Problems

© 2018, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. We propose a method which belongs to a class of cutting methods for solving a convex programming problem. The developed method differs from traditional algorithms of the mentioned class by the following fact. This method uses approximation of the feasible set and the epigraph of the objective function simultaneously for the solving problem. In the method cutting planes are constructed by subgradients of the objective function and functions which define the constrained set. In this case while initial approximating sets are chosen as polyhedral sets, each iteration point is found by solving a linear programming problem independently of the type of functions which define the solving problem. Moreover, unlike most the cutting methods the proposed method is characterized by possibility of updating approximating sets due to dropping accumulating constraints

Сущность понятия «международный лизинг»

У статті розглянуто сутність та досліджено особливості поняття міжнародного лізингу, розроблено схеми проведення операцій міжнародного лізингу.The article discusses the nature and studies the features of the concept of international leasing, the scheme for the operations of the international leasing has been developed.В статье рассматривается сущность и исследованы особенности понятия международного лизинга, разработаны схемы проведения операций международного лизинга

Методические подходы к классификации лизинговых сделок в украинских реалиях

У статті розглянуто сутність поняття лізингу, досліджено особливості класифікації лізингових угод, встановлено основні принципи за якими слід проводити класифікацію лізингових угод та удосконалено фасетну класифікацію лізингових угод.The article deals with the essence of the concept of leasing, give a brief account about classification of lease agreements, establishes the basic principles by which should be classified leasing agreements and improved faceted classification of lease agreements.В статье рассматривается сущность понятия лизинга, исследованы особенности классификации лизинговых сделок, установлены основные принципы по которым следует проводить классификацию лизинговых сделок и усовершенствована фасетная классификация лизинговых сделок

РАЗВИТИЕ ФИНАНСОВОЙ СРЕДЫ НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКИХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ РОССИИ

The paper deals with financial relationships and funding sources of non-profit organizations. The subject of the study is the role and place of non-profit organizations in the Russian national economy and their development trends. The scope of the paper includes the study of information materials on the economic condition of non-profit organizations. The purpose of the study was to identify the key problems of financial resource generation and ways to improve the economic activity of non-profit organizations in the context of the established innovation-oriented market economy model. The paper analyzes the current practice of funding non-profit organizations in Russia compared with the foreign experience. The problems accumulated in the financial support of non-profit organizations are considered and areas for improvement are suggested. The study used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, dialectical and system-based approaches, as well as method of comparison, analogies and expert assessments. The development of cooperation between non-profit organizations and enterprises of various organizational and legal forms, legal entities and individuals in matters of formation and use of financial resources is regarded as the most important objective of financial relations. It is proved that the share of public and private investments as well as donor funds in the financial support of economic activities of non-profit organizations needs to be increased. The conclusions and recommendations for improving the support of non-profit organizations through budgetary and non-budgetary funds in the situation of the macroeconomic instability and limited finance raised from various sources are formulated.Статья посвящена рассмотрению финансовых отношений и источников финансовых ресурсов некоммерческих организаций. Предмет исследования: роль и место некоммерческих организаций в национальной экономике России и тенденции их развития. Тематика статьи охватывает исследование информационных материалов об экономическом положении некоммерческих организаций. Цель работы: выявить основные проблемы формирования финансовых ресурсов и направления улучшения экономической деятельности некоммерческих организаций в условиях становления инновационно ориентированной модели рыночного хозяйствования. В работе проанализирована существующая практика финансирования некоммерческих организаций в России в сравнении с зарубежным опытом. Рассматриваются накопившиеся проблемы в финансовом обеспечении некоммерческих организаций и предлагаются возможные направления его улучшения. В ходе исследования использовались общие научные методы анализа и синтеза, диалектический и системный подходы, а также методы сравнений, аналогий, экспертных оценок. В качестве важнейшей задачи развития финансовых отношений некоммерческих организаций определена разработка направлений их взаимодействия с предприятиями различных организационно-правовых форм и видовой принадлежности, юридическими и физическими лицами по вопросам формирования и использования финансовых ресурсов. Обосновывается необходимость возрастания доли государственных и частных вложений, средств доноров и меценатов в финансовом обеспечении экономической деятельности некоммерческих организаций. Сформулированы выводы и рекомендации по улучшению финансирования некоммерческих организаций за счет бюджетных и внебюджетных средств в условиях макроэкономической нестабильности и ограниченности финансовых ресурсов, формируемых за счет различных источников

Antiradical effect of low-molecular peptides in extracts and hydrolyzates from tissues of water organisms

Molecular-weight composition of peptides in extracts and hydrolyzates from soft tissues of the clams Corbicula japonica and Mercenaria mercenaria and liver of chum salmon is investigated. Antiradical activity is defined for low-molecular peptides, as well as for high-molecular proteins and free amino acids in the extracts. The maximum activity is detected for the extracts of salmon liver; all protein fractions in the water extract of the liver have antiradical activity. Low-molecular peptides and free amino acids have antiradical activity in all samples. The peptides with molecular weight 4.3 kDa have the highest activity in the water extract from C. japonica (43 units) and the peptides with molecular weight 4.7 kDa - in the water extract from M. mercenaria (5.6 units). After hydrolysis, the portion of low-molecular peptides increases for C. japonica , M. mercenaria , and salmon liver in 22.1, 14.5, and 11.1 %, respectively. Hence antiradical activity for hydrolyzates from C. japonica and M. mercen aria is in 1.9 times higher and for hydrolyzates from salmon liver - in 1.3 times higher than for water extracts from their tissues. Only the peptides with molecular weight 2.8-4.7 kDa have antiradical activity in the hydrolyzates; its value is 1-24 activity units for M. mercenaria ; 13-76 units for C. japonica and about 40 units for the chum salmon liver. Correlation is found between the content of peptides with molecular weight 3-4 kDa in hydrolyzates and their antiradical activity

Characteristics of bivalve mollusk <i>Serripes groenlandicus </i>in connection with its rational use

Greenland cockle Serripes groenlandicus is a burrow bivalve mollusk that forms dense aggregations on silty-sandy and muddy grounds at the depth 50-60 m. Its total stock in Peter the Great Bay is estimated as 8,700 t. The species is not used yet as a raw material for food industry that is a reason to investigate its safety, chemical composition and technological characteristics. There is noted that the aggregations of S. groenlandicus in Peter the Great Bay are formed mostly by large-sized individuals (> 80 %), so they have high commercial value. Its soft tissue (on average 25.8 % of total weigh) contents 11.9 % of protein, < 1.0 % of fat, and 5.4 % of carbohydrate, its energy value is 70 kcal, so it is a promising raw material for low-calorie dietary products. Technological losses in mass of the clam meat in the process of broth extraction under hydrothermal treatment are rather high: 45-47 %. To prevent the mass losses, the species is recommended to use as the raw material for canned products with its natural meat