Reduction of multidrug-resistant (Mdr) bacterial infections during the covid-19 pandemic: a retrospective study

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms are emerging as some of the main healthcare prob-lems worldwide. During the COVID-19 pandemic, several Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures have been adopted to reduce nosocomial microorganism transmission. We performed a case–control study to identify if the incidence of MDR bacterial infections while using pandemic-related preventive measures is lower than in previous years. From 2017 to 2020, we monitored hospital discharges over a four-month period (P #) (1 March to 30 June) in St. Andrea Hospital, Rome. In total, we reported 1617 discharges. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to identify significant differences. A value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A significant reduction in the incidence of total MDR bacterial infections was observed during the pandemic compared to in prepandemic years (p < 0.05). We also found a significantly higher incidence of MDR bacterial infections in COVID-19 departments compared with other medical departments (29% and 19%, respectively), with extended-spectrum β-lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniae as the pathogens presenting the highest increase. This study demonstrates that maintaining a high level of preventive measures could help tackle an important health problem such as that of the spread of MDR bacteria

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of 99mTc-polymyxin B for specific targeting of gram-bacteria

Background: Infectious diseases are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Nuclear molecular imaging would be of great help to non-invasively discriminate between septic and sterile inflammation through available radiopharmaceuticals, as none is currently available for clinical practice. Here, we describe the radiolabeling procedure and in vitro and in vivo studies of99mTc-polymyxin B sulfate (PMB) as a new single photon emission imaging agent for the characterization of infections due to Gram-negative bacteria. Results: Labeling efficiency was 97 ± 2% with an average molar activity of 29.5 ± 0.6 MBq/nmol. The product was highly stable in saline and serum up to 6 h. In vitro binding assay showed significant displaceable binding to Gram-negative bacteria but not to Gram-positive controls. In mice,99mTc-HYNIC-PMB was mainly taken up by liver and kidneys. Targeting studies confirmed the specificity of99mTc-HYNIC-PMB obtained in vitro, showing significantly higher T/B ratios for Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive controls. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo results suggest that99mTc-HYNIC-PMB has a potential for in vivo identification of Gram-negative bacteria in patients with infections of unknown etiology. However, further investigations are needed to deeply understand the mechanism of action and behavior of99mTc-HYNIC-PMB in other animal models and in humans

Risk factors for recurrence in patients with Clostridium difficile infection due to 027 and non-027 ribotypes

Objectives: Our objective was to evaluate factors associated with recurrence in patients with 027+ and 027– Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Methods: Patients with CDI observed between January and December 2014 in six hospitals were consecutively included in the study. The 027 ribotype was deduced by the presence of tcdB, tcdB, cdt genes and the deletion Δ117 in tcdC (Xpert® C. difficile/Epi). Recurrence was defined as a positive laboratory test result for C. difficile more than 14 days but within 8 weeks after the initial diagnosis date with reappearance of symptoms. To identify factors associated with recurrence in 027+ and 027– CDI, a multivariate analysis was performed in each patient group. Subdistributional hazard ratios (sHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. Results: Overall, 238 patients with 027+ CDI and 267 with 027– CDI were analysed. On multivariate analysis metronidazole monotherapy (sHR 2.380, 95%CI 1.549–3.60, p <0.001) and immunosuppressive treatment (sHR 3.116, 95%CI 1.906–5.090, p <0.001) were factors associated with recurrence in patients with 027+ CDI. In this patient group, metronidazole monotherapy was independently associated with recurrence in both mild/moderate (sHR 1.894, 95%CI 1.051–3.410, p 0.033) and severe CDI (sHR 2.476, 95%CI 1.281–4.790, p 0.007). Conversely, non-severe disease (sHR 3.704, 95%CI 1.437–9.524, p 0.007) and absence of chronic renal failure (sHR 16.129, 95%CI 2.155–125.000, p 0.007) were associated with recurrence in 027– CDI. Conclusions: Compared to vancomycin, metronidazole monotherapy appears less effective in curing CDI without relapse in the 027+ patient group, independently of disease severity

Jet-loop reactor with cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane system for treatment of olive mill wastewater

ABSTRACT: Olive oil extraction is one of the ancient agricultural industries all over the Mediterranean area and even today it is of fundamental economic importance for many industries found over the whole Mediterranean. However, this industry generates large amounts of olive mill wastewater (OMW) and due to its physicochemical characteristics it causes severe environmental concerns and management problems in the Mediterranean area, which is facing water scarcity. Technologies to reuse this wastewater will have a high impact at the economic and environmental level. The work presented aims to improve the use of jet-loop reactors technology for the aerobic biotreatment of OMW. A jet-loop reactor (100 L) coupled with an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (MBR) system (JACTO.MBR_100 L) were tested for the influence of hydraulic parameters on OMW degradation and scale-up to 1,000 L. Chemical oxygen demand and total phenols (TP) decreased notably (up to 85% and 80% removal efficiency, respectively) after the biological treatment. The treated OMW (UF permeate) was evaluated as a source for irrigation and its impact on the soil and plant growth and their quality parameters.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Klebsiella pneumoniae is able to trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in cultured airway epithelial cells

The ability of some bacterial pathogens to activate Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition normally is a consequence of the persistence of a local chronic inflammatory response or depends on a direct interaction of the pathogens with the host epithelial cells. In this study we monitored the abilities of the K. pneumoniae to activate the expression of genes related to EMT-like processes and the occurrence of phenotypic changes in airway epithelial cells during the early steps of cell infection. We describe changes in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increased HIF-1α mRNA expression in cells exposed to K. pneumoniae infection. We also describe the upregulation of a set of transcription factors implicated in the EMT processes, such as Twist, Snail and ZEB, indicating that the morphological changes of epithelial cells already appreciable after few hours from the K. pneumoniae infection are tightly regulated by the activation of transcriptional pathways, driving epithelial cells to EMT. These effects appear to be effectively counteracted by resveratrol, an antioxidant that is able to exert a sustained scavenging of the intracellular ROS. This is the first report indicating that strains of K. pneumoniae may promote EMT-like programs through direct interaction with epithelial cells without the involvement of inflammatory cells

Chlamydia pneumoniae in asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis.

We evaluated, in 415 patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: (i) the prevalence of C. pneumoniae DNA in atherosclerotic carotid plaques and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); (i..

No evidence of sars-cov-2 circulation in rome (Italy) during the pre-pandemic period. Results of a retrospective surveillance

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the COVID-19 outbreak recorded over the previous months could be characterized as a pandemic. The first known Italian SARS-CoV-2 positive case was reported on 21 February. In some countries, cases of suspected “COVID-19-like pneumonia” had been reported earlier than those officially accepted by health authorities. This has led many investigators to check preserved biological or environmental samples to see whether the virus was detectable on dates prior to those officially stated. With regard to Italy, the results of a microbiological screening in sewage samples collected between the end of February and the beginning of April 2020 from wastewaters in Milan (Northern Italy) and Rome (Central Italy) showed presence of SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we evaluated, by means of a standardized diagnostic method, the SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence amongst patients affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARI) in an academic hospital located in Central Italy during the period of 1 November 2019–1 March 2020. Overall, the number of emergency room (ER) visits during the investigated period was 13,843. Of these, 1208 had an influenza-like syndrome, but only 166 matched the definition of SARI as stated in the study protocol. A total of 52 SARI cases were laboratory confirmed as influenza: 26 as a type B virus, 25 as a type A, and 1 as both viruses. Although about 17% of the total sample had laboratory or radiological data compatible with COVID-19, all the nasopharyngeal swabs stored underwent SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and tested negative. Based on our result, it is confirmed that the COVID-19 pandemic spread did not start prior to the “official” onset in central Italy. Routine monitoring of SARI causative agents at the local level is critical for reporting epidemiologic and etiologic trends that may differ from one country to another and also among different influenza seasons. This has a practical impact on prevention and control strategies

Detection of influenza virus in urban wastewater during the season 2022/2023 in Sicily, Italy

Introduction: Seasonal influenza generally represents an underestimated public health problem with significant socioeconomic implications. Monitoring and detecting influenza epidemics are important tasks that require integrated strategies. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an emerging field that uses wastewater data to monitor the spread of disease and assess the health of a community. It can represent an integrative surveillance tool for better understanding the epidemiology of influenza and prevention strategies in public health. Methods: We conducted a study that detected the presence of Influenza virus RNA using a wastewater-based approach. Samples were collected from five wastewater treatment plants in five different municipalities, serving a cumulative population of 555,673 Sicilian inhabitants in Italy. We used the RT-qPCR test to compare the combined weekly average of Influenza A and B viral RNA in wastewater samples with the average weekly incidence of Influenza-like illness (ILI) obtained from the Italian national Influenza surveillance system. We also compared the number of positive Influenza swabs with the viral RNA loads detected from wastewater. Our study investigated 189 wastewater samples. Results: Cumulative ILI cases substantially overlapped with the Influenza RNA load from wastewater samples. Influenza viral RNA trends in wastewater samples were similar to the rise of ILI cases in the population. Therefore, wastewater surveillance confirmed the co-circulation of Influenza A and B viruses during the season 2022/2023, with a similar trend to that reported for the weekly clinically confirmed cases. Conclusion: Wastewater-based epidemiology does not replace traditional epidemiological surveillance methods, such as laboratory testing of samples from infected individuals. However, it can be a valuable complement to obtaining additional information on the incidence of influenza in the population and preventing its spread