1,327 research outputs found
Multilevel Analysis of Oscillation Motions in Active Regions of the Sun
We present a new method that combines the results of an oscillation study
made in optical and radio observations. The optical spectral measurements in
photospheric and chromospheric lines of the line-of-sight velocity were carried
out at the Sayan Solar Observatory. The radio maps of the Sun were obtained
with the Nobeyama Radioheliograph at 1.76 cm. Radio sources associated with the
sunspots were analyzed to study the oscillation processes in the
chromosphere-corona transition region in the layer with magnetic field B=2000
G. A high level of instability of the oscillations in the optical and radio
data was found. We used a wavelet analysis for the spectra. The best
similarities of the spectra of oscillations obtained by the two methods were
detected in the three-minute oscillations inside the sunspot umbra for the
dates when the active regions were situated near the center of the solar disk.
A comparison of the wavelet spectra for optical and radio observations showed a
time delay of about 50 seconds of the radio results with respect to optical
ones. This implies a MHD wave traveling upward inside the umbral magnetic tube
of the sunspot. Besides three-minute and five-minute ones, oscillations with
longer periods (8 and 15 minutes) were detected in optical and radio records.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, accepted to Solar Physics (18 Jan 2011). The
final publication is available at http://www.springerlink.co
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposited Materials and Organic Semiconductors in Photovoltaic Devices
Introduction. PECVD enables fabrication of wide range of advanced materials with various structure such as amorphous, polymorphous, nano-crystalline, nanostructured, microcrystalline etc. and with various electronic properties. The latter can be also changed by different dopingl. PECVD silicon materials are commercially employed in multi-layered PV structures (including ones on flexible substrates). Combining these materials with crystalline silicon active substrate resulted in significant improvement of PCE in hetero junction technology PV structures. Existence of new organic semiconductors (OS) together with understanding of physical properties resulted in fast development of OC PV devicesAim. To consider both PECVD and OS materials and to present description of fabrication, structure and electronic properties for device application.Materials and methods. Devices based on non-crystalline materials, devices based on OS, hybrid devices. PECVD and Spin coating technique was used to deposit materials with tunable properties enabling device engineering possibilities.Results. PECVD and OS materials were analyzed. These materials have different levels of characterization (data volume, interpretation of the results etc.) and of understanding of physics determining device performance. Some examples of these materials in PV including structures with crystalline silicon were considered.Conclusion. Important advantage of both PECVD and OS materials is that fabrication methods are compatible and allow fabrication of great variety of hybrid device structures on crystalline semiconductors. Advantages of such devices are difficult to predict because of lack of data in scientific literature. However a new area in material science and related devices for further exploring and exploiting has appeared.Introduction. PECVD enables fabrication of wide range of advanced materials with various structure such as amorphous, polymorphous, nano-crystalline, nanostructured, microcrystalline etc. and with various electronic properties. The latter can be also changed by different dopingl. PECVD silicon materials are commercially employed in multi-layered PV structures (including ones on flexible substrates). Combining these materials with crystalline silicon active substrate resulted in significant improvement of PCE in hetero junction technology PV structures. Existence of new organic semiconductors (OS) together with understanding of physical properties resulted in fast development of OC PV devices.Aim. To consider both PECVD and OS materials and to present description of fabrication, structure and electronic properties for device application.Materials and methods. Devices based on non-crystalline materials, devices based on OS, hybrid devices. PECVD and Spin coating technique was used to deposit materials with tunable properties enabling device engineering possibilities.Results. PECVD and OS materials were analyzed. These materials have different levels of characterization (data volume, interpretation of the results etc.) and of understanding of physics determining device performance. Some examples of these materials in PV including structures with crystalline silicon were considered.Conclusion. Important advantage of both PECVD and OS materials is that fabrication methods are compatible and allow fabrication of great variety of hybrid device structures on crystalline semiconductors. Advantages of such devices are difficult to predict because of lack of data in scientific literature. However a new area in material science and related devices for further exploring and exploiting has appeared
The analyses of socio-economic development tendencies of the capital cities in the modern Russia
© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.This article introduces the approach of the evaluation of socio-economic development of the capital cities. On the basis of the analysis of statistical data in dynamics of the 10-year period, the classification of the cities according to their level of development is given, the found tendencies are explained, the main problems are displayed, and the probable ways of the development of cities are proposed
Joule Heating and Current-Induced Instabilities in Magnetic Nanocontacts
We consider the electrical current through a magnetic point contact in the
limit of a strong inelastic scattering of electrons. In this limit local Joule
heating of the contact region plays a decisive role in determining the
transport properties of the point contact. We show that if an applied constant
bias voltage exceeds a critical value, the stationary state of the system is
unstable, and that periodic, non-harmonic oscillations in time of both the
electrical current through the contact and the local temperature in the contact
region develop spontaneously. Our estimations show that the necessary
experimental conditions for observing such oscillations with characteristic
frequencies in the range Hz can easily be met. We also show a
possibility to manipulate upon the magnetization direction of a magnetic grain
coupled through a point contact to a bulk ferromagnetic by exciting the
above-mentioned thermal-electric oscillations.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Physical Review
THE INFLUENCE OF MILK-CLOTTING ENZYMES ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PIZZA-CHEESES
The effect of the type and dose of milk-clotting enzymes (Chy-max® M based on recombinant camel chymosin, Fromase® TL based on Rhizomucor miehei protease) on the physicochemical, functional properties and shelf life of pizza-cheeses was studied. When using a low dose of milk-clotting enzymes (MCE) for milk coagulation (250–1100 IMCU per 100 kg of milk), cheeses were obtained with an increased moisture content (55–57%), excessive acidity (pH 4.8–4.9) and texture defects (incoherent, crumbly, with separation of free moisture). This is due to the formation of a weak curd, which releases moisture poorly during processing. The use of an increased dose of MCE makes it possible to obtain a denser curd, better releasing moisture. Cheese produced with a high dose of milk-clotting enzymes (2000–2800 IMCU per 100 kg of milk) had a lower moisture content (52–53%) and lower acidity (pH 5.0–5.1). The protein matrix is more hydrated in these cheeses, which ensures its better water holding capacity and a more homogeneous and cohesive texture. The use of an increased dose of MCE with a high total proteolytic activity (Fromase) gives undesirable consequences in the form of accelerated proteolysis of cheese mass proteins, rapid loss of functional properties of the cheese, and a decrease in the shelf life of cheese (less than 60 days). Cheese production using an increased dose of MCE with a low level of total proteolytic activity (Chy-max M) allows achieving a low level of proteolysis during cheese ripening and increasing its shelf life
Fragmentation channels of relativistic Be nuclei in peripheral interactions
Nuclei of Li were accelerated at the JINR Nuclotron. After the
charge-exchange reaction involving these nuclei at an external target a second
Be beam of energy 1.23A GeV was formed. This beam was used to expose
photo-emulsion chambers. The mean free path for inelastic Be interactions
in emulsion =14.00.8 cm coincides within the errors with those
for Li and Li nuclei. More than 10% of the Be events are associated
with the peripheral interactions in which the total charge of the relativistic
fragments is equal to the charge of the Be and in which charged mesons are
not produced. An unusual ratio of the isotopes is revealed in the composition
of the doubly charged Be fragments: the number of He fragments is twice
as large as that of He fragments. In 50% of peripheral interactions, a
Be nucleus decays to two doubly charged fragments. The present paper gives
the channels of the Be fragmentation to charged fragments. In 50% of
events, the Be fragmentation proceeds only to charged fragments involving
no emission of neutrons. Of them, the He+He channel dominates, the
He+d+p and Li+pchannels constitute 10% each. Two events involving no
emission of neutrons are registered in the 3-body He+t+p and He+d+d
channels. The mean free path for the coherent dissociation of relativistic
Be nuclei to He+He is 71 m. The particular features of the
relativistic Be fragmentation in such peripheral interactions are explained
by the He+He 2-cluster structure of the Be nucleus.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables, conference: Conference on Physics of
Fundamental Interactions, Moscow, Russia, 5-9 Dec 200
Assessment of efficacy and safety of the herbal medicinal product BNO 1016 in chronic rhinosinusitis
Background: The objective of this clinical trial (CRS-02) was to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of two dosages of the herbal medicinal product BNO 1016 (Sinupret extract) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
Methodology: 929 patients suffering from CRS were enrolled in this randomised placebo-controlled trial with a treatment period of 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the mean Major Symptom Score (MSS) in week 8 and week 12 compared to placebo. Secondary endpoints included further MSS related parameters and responder rates over time. Pharmacoeconomic endpoints were also analysed. Finally, safety and tolerability were evaluated.
Results: Sinupret extract was not superior over placebo regarding the primary endpoint. However, the results of the secondary endpoints showed a clear trend towards superior efficacy. Therefore, additional post-hoc sensitivity analyses were performed in patients with a baseline MSS > 9 and persistence of disease > 1 year diagnosed by specialists in otorhinolaryngology.Those patients significantly benefited from Sinupret extract. Therapy was superior for the primary endpoint analysis. Patients were less impaired with respect to work and daily activities. A good safety and tolerability of Sinupret extract was assured in all patients.
Conclusions: Sinupret extract can safely be administered in patients with CRS. Although the primary endpoint of the study was not significant, a post-hoc subgroup analysis in patients whose disease was diagnosed by a specialist revealed a pronounced treatment effect. Effects in that subgroup were even stronger with longer disease persistence and stronger severity
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