Phase and Intensity Distributions of Individual Pulses of PSR B0950+08

The distribution of the intensities of individual pulses of PSR B0950+08 as a function of the longitudes at which they appear is analyzed. The flux density of the pulsar at 111 MHz varies strongly from day to day (by up to a factor of 13) due to the passage of the radiation through the interstellar plasma (interstellar scintillation). The intensities of individual pulses can exceed the amplitude of the mean pulse profile, obtained by accumulating 770 pulses, by more than an order of magnitude. The intensity distribution along the mean profile is very different for weak and strong pulses. The differential distribution function for the intensities is a power law with index n = -1.1 +- 0.06 up to peak flux densities for individual pulses of the order of 160 Jy

Deeply subwavelength electromagnetic Tamm states in graphene metamaterials

We study localized modes at a surface of a multilayer structure made of graphene layers separated by dielectric layers. We demonstrate the existence of deeply subwavelength surface modes that can be associated with the electromagnetic Tamm states, with the frequencies in the THz frequency range the negative group velocities. We suggest that the dispersion properties of these Tamm surface modes can be tuned by varying the thickness of a dielectric cap layer

Analysis of spatial humus distribution in virgin and arable Chernozems in the eroding landscapes

A statistical assessment of data on the content and spatial distribution of humus in virgin and arable Chernozems on slopes in the south of the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland was performed. The greatest number of statistically significant differences between arable and virgin Chernozems was found for the upper soil layer (0–20 cm

Asymmetry Function of Interstellar Scintillations of Pulsars

A new method for separating intensity variations of a source's radio emission having various physical natures is proposed. The method is based on a joint analysis of the structure function of the intensity variations and the asymmetry function, which is a generalization of the asymmetry coefficient and characterizes the asymmetry of the distribution function of the intensity fluctuations on various scales for the inhomogeneities in the diffractive scintillation pattern. Relationships for the asymmetry function in the cases of a logarithmic normal distribution of the intensity fluctuations and a normal distribution of the field fluctuations are derived. Theoretical relationships and observational data on interstellar scintillations of pulsars (refractive, diffractive, and weak scintillations) are compared. Pulsar scintillations match the behavior expected for a normal distribution of the field fluctuations (diffractive scintillation) or logarithmic normal distribution of the intensity fluctuations (refractive and weak scintillation). Analysis of the asymmetry function is a good test for distinguishing scintillations against the background of variations that have different origins

A New Catalogue of Polar-Ring Galaxies Selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Galaxies with polar rings (PRGs) are a unique class of extragalactic objects. Using these, we can investigate a wide range of problems, linked to the formation and evolution of galaxies, and we can study the properties of their dark haloes. The progress that has been made in the study of PRGs has been constrained by the small number of known objects of this type. The Polar Ring Catalogue (PRC) by Whitmore et al. and their photographic atlas of PRGs and related objects includes 157 galaxies. At present, there are only about two dozen kinematically confirmed galaxies in this PRG class, mostly from the PRC. We present a new catalogue of PRGs, supplementing the PRC and significantly increasing the number of known candidate PRGs. The catalogue is based on the results of the original Galaxy Zoo project. Within this project, volunteers performed visual classifications of nearly a million galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Based on the preliminary classifications of the Galaxy Zoo, we viewed more than 40000 images of the SDSS and selected 275 galaxies to include in our catalogue. Our SDSS-based Polar Ring Catalogue (SPRC) contains 70 galaxies that we have classified as 'the best candidates'. Among these, we expect to have a very high proportion of true PRGs, and 115 good PRG candidates. There are 53 galaxies classified as PRG-related objects (mostly galaxies with strongly warped discs, and mergers). In addition, we have identified 37 galaxies that have their presumed polar rings strongly inclined to the line of sight (seen almost face-on). The SPRC objects are, on average, fainter and are located further away than the galaxies from the PRC, although our catalogue does include dozens of new nearby candidate PRGs. The SPRC significantly increases the number of genuine PRG candidates. It might serve as a good basis for both a further detailed study of individual galaxies and a statistical analysis of PRGs as a separate class of objects. We have performed spectroscopic observations of six galaxies from the SPRC at the 6-m Big Telescope Alt-Azimuthal (BTA). The existence of polar rings was confirmed in five galaxies, and one object appeared to be a projection of a pair of galaxies. Adding the data from the literature, we can already classify 10 galaxies from our catalogue as kinematically confirmed PRGs. © 2011 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2011 RAS

Uso de tecnologia de treinamento na preparação de estudantes de especialidades de engenharia

The content of higher education is influenced by the market economy, computerization and technological development of society. To discover the potential of students, new approaches to learning are required. In Russia, in the field of vocational education, the technology of project training is implemented, which meets the new emerging requirements of the state and society. Project training technology contributes to the most productive training of students as highly qualified specialists, and also allows them to consciously address their activities, establish professional tasks and perform them independently. The purpose of the article is to consider the experience of using technology in the training of projects in graduates of engineering specialties. As a result of the theoretical analysis of the pedagogical literature, we selected the pedagogical conditions for the implementation of these technologies (didactic, psychological, social, pedagogical, organizational and pedagogical). At the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin, the study was conducted among the students on the "Construction" and "Technology" training profiles. The total number of respondents was 212 people. According to the data received, 88% of the students noticed the effectiveness of the application of the project method in the study of the graphic disciplines, 72% indicated that the design method promotes a deeper study of the material. In general, the experiment showed that the level of training using the project's training technology was significantly higher.El contenido de la educación superior está influenciado por la economía de Mercado, la informatización y el desarrollo tecnológico de la sociedad. Para descubrir el potencial de los estudiantes, se requieren nuevos enfoques para el aprendizaje. En Rusia, en el campo de la educación vocacional, se implementa la tecnología de capacitación de proyectos, que cumple con los nuevos requisitos emergentes del estado y la sociedad. La tecnología de capacitación en proyectos contribuye a la formación más productiva de los estudiantes como especialistas altamente calificados, y también les permite abordar conscientemente sus actividades, poder establecer tareas profesionales y realizarlas de manera independiente. El propósito del artículo es considerar la experiencia de utilizar la tecnología en la capacitación de proyectos en graduados de especialidades de ingeniería. Como resultado del análisis teórico de la literatura pedagógica, seleccionamos las condiciones pedagógicas para la implementación de estas tecnologías (didáctica, psicológica, social, pedagógica, organizativa y pedagógica). En la Universidad Pedagógica Estatal de Nizhny Novgorod que lleva el nombre de Kozma Minin, el estudio se realizó entre los estudiantes sobre los perfiles de capacitación "Construcción" y "Tecnología". El número total de encuestados fue de 212 personas. De acuerdo con los datos recibidos, el 88% de los estudiantes notó la efectividad de la aplicación del método del proyecto en el estudio de las disciplinas gráficas, el 72% indicó que el método de diseño promueve un estudio más profundo del material. En general, el experimento mostró que el nivel de capacitación utilizando la tecnología de capacitación del proyecto fue significativamente mayor.O conteúdo do ensino superior é influenciado pela economia de mercado, informatização e desenvolvimento tecnológico da sociedade. Para descobrir o potencial dos estudantes, novas abordagens para a aprendizagem são necessárias. Na Rússia, no campo da educação profissional, implementa-se a tecnologia de treinamento em projetos, que atende às novas exigências emergentes do estado e da sociedade. A tecnologia de treinamento do projeto contribui para a formação mais produtiva dos alunos como especialistas altamente qualificados, e também permite que eles abordem conscientemente suas atividades, estabeleçam tarefas profissionais e as executem de forma independente. O objetivo do artigo é considerar a experiência de usar a tecnologia na formação de projetos em graduados de especialidades de engenharia. Como resultado da análise teórica da literatura pedagógica, selecionamos as condições pedagógicas para a implementação dessas tecnologias (didáticas, psicológicas, sociais, pedagógicas, organizacionais e pedagógicas). Na Universidade Pedagógica do Estado de Nizhny Novgorod, em homenagem a Kozma Minin, o estudo foi conduzido entre os estudantes nos perfis de treinamento "Construção" e "Tecnologia". O número total de entrevistados foi de 212 pessoas. De acordo com os dados recebidos, 88% dos estudantes notaram a eficácia da aplicação do método de projeto no estudo das disciplinas gráficas, 72% indicaram que o método de projeto promove um estudo mais profundo do material. Em geral, o experimento mostrou que o nível de treinamento usando a tecnologia de treinamento do projeto foi significativamente maior

Training in cooperation with the use of information technology

Training of modern graduate takes place in the conditions of requirements of the Federal state educational standards aimed at development of students’ competences. In order to train a competent graduate, higher education institutions are looking for ways that will make this process more effective and dynamic. The purpose of the article is to analyze the experience of higher education institutions in the implementation of training in cooperation with the use of information technology. The wide development of information technologies and their penetration into various spheres of society has determined their implementation in the educational process. The use of information technology is based on the use of personal computers. Now this tool is an integral part of the modern educational process. Placing emphasis on the fact that learning in cooperation is not a fundamentally new technology the authors say that it acquires relevance by incorporating innovative technologies. The article considers the ideas of training in cooperation with the use of information technologies, raises the importance and significance of this issue in modern educational conditions. Training in cooperation expands the students' information field. On the basis of the study of scientific literature, the features of training in cooperation, its essence and value purpose for the formation of competence of students of pedagogical University are highlighted. The study suggests an increase in students ' motivation to study materials after the introduction of information technologies that allow them to be more mobile and creative. The process of mutual learning in the process of cooperation becomes more effective. The higher the motivation of the student to study the discipline is, the higher the level of his knowledge is. The results of the study can be used in the further implementation of information technologies for the development of the learning process in cooperation

One and two-center processes in high-order harmonic generation in diatomic molecules: influence of the internuclear separation

We analyze the influence of different recombination scenarios, involving one or two centers, on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in diatomic molecules, for different values of the internuclear separation. We work within the strong-field approximation, and employ modified saddle-point equations, in which the structure of the molecule is incorporated. We find that the two-center interference patterns, attributed to high-order harmonic emission at spatially separated centers, are formed by the quantum interference of the orbits starting at a center $C_{j}$ and finishing at a different center $C_{\nu }$ in the molecule with those starting and ending at a same center $C_{j}.$ Within our framework, we also show that contributions starting at different centers exhibit different orders of magnitude, due to the influence of additional potential-energy shifts. This holds even for small internuclear distances. Similar results can also be obtained by considering single-atom saddle-point equations and an adequate choice of molecular prefactors.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Development of metacognitive competencies of students in the process of constructing mathematical problems for younger students

The article presents a description of the study of the effectiveness of methodological tools aimed at developing metacognitive competence in future elementary school teachers in the classroom on the methodology of teaching mathematics to younger students.The aim of the study is to empirically test the effectiveness of a set of methodological techniques used in the classroom on the methodology of teaching mathematics to future elementary school teachers as a means of developing their metacognitive competencies. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that one of the effective means of developing metacognitive competencies in future elementary school teachers is special classes for compiling original scenarios of verbal mathematical problems for younger students. A professionally developed verbal composition of a mathematical problem sets the vector of mental activity for the younger student. It requires the developer to build a forecast of the child’s mental actions, determine algorithms and levels of difficulty in obtaining the right solution. The study used methods for testing students’ cognitive characteristics (intelligence) and peer review of their “metacognitive knowledge”, “metacognitive skills”, “metacognitive experience” and “metacognitive strategies”. The methodological solutions implemented in the classroom have shown their effectiveness. For the practice of preparing future primary school teachers, it is important that the well-organized development of compositions of textual mathematical problems for younger students is an effective means of developing their metacognitive competencies

Statistical Analysis of Simulated Supernova Remnants in Optical Band

При вспышке сверхновой (СН) в межзвездную среду (МЗС) высвобождается около 1051 эрг. На поздних стадиях эволюции СН, около 70 % этой энергии теряется за счет радиационного охлаждения. Эти потери можно наблюдать в запрещенных оптических линиях. В данной работе мы провели статистическое исследование оптического излучения остатков СН, которые были смоделированы 3D-(магнито)гидродинамическим (МГД) кодом FLASH в реалистичной МЗС. Были рассмотрены два положения вспышки СН: на расстояниях 25 и 50 пк от центра масс молекулярного облака. В результате было выявлено, что наличие или отсутствие магнитного поля почти не влияет на оптическое излучение от СН. Однако распределение плотности в месте вспышки СН меняет всю дальнейшую эволюцию остатка СН. Это необходимо учитывать при сравнении моделей остатков СН и реальных наблюдений.During the supernova (SN) explosion, about 1051 erg is released into the interstellar medium (ISM). In the later stages of SN evolution, about 70 % of this energy is lost due to radiative cooling. This loss can be observed in forbidden lines in the optical range. In this work, we have carried out a statistical study of the optical emission of SN remnants, which are simulated using the 3D (magneto)hydrodynamic code FLASH in a realistic ISM. Two positions of the SN were considered: at distances of 25 and 50 pc from the centre of mass of the molecular cloud. As a result, the presence or absence of magnetic field has almost no effect on the optical radiation from the SN remnant. However, the density distribution at the site of the SN changes the entire evolution of the SN remnant. This should be taken into account when comparing simulations of SN remnants and real observations