Software defined down-hole telemetric systems: Training course

© 2015 SPIE. The paper is devoted for presentation of training course for applications and construction principles of poly-harmonic (two-frequency or four-frequency) cw laser systems for characterization of different nonlinear scattering effects in fibers and reflection of devices based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) in down-hole telemetric sensor nets, which are widely used in down-hole telemetric systems. In particular, we'll speak about evaluation of Mandelstam-Brillouin gain contour, Raman scattering contours and FBG reflection spectra characterization. Investigation methods and approaches are based on the unity of resonant structures of generated fiber responses on exciting and probing radiation or external physical fields for all given effects. The main decision is based on poly-harmonic probing of formed resonance responses. Training course united idea is software defined approach for down-hole parameters characterization in spite of measuring conversion principles

Адресный волоконно-оптический датчик для измерения относительной влажности в комплектных распределительных устройствах

A number of governing documents and by-laws of the Russian Federation, branch ministries, departments and companies have introduced the use of measuring relative air humidity, elements insulation, and SF6 into operation and maintenance process of complete switchgear. A wide range of high-precision laboratory instruments has been developed to implement these measurements. However, as a rule, these are scheduled measurements to be carried out once or twice a quarter, although the constant on-line monitoring of humidity is concerned in both the production and scientific circles of the energy industry. The possibility of on-line monitoring appeared with the advent of fiber-optic object-based passive networks for collecting information and the possibility of forming interrogation channels in them, which is provided for by the development of the Smart Grid Plus concept. Fiber optic sensors, single in their physical layer structure with passive optical networks, are highly robust and resistant to high electromagnetic fields, typical of those generated in a switchgear, and are designed to operate in harsh environments. Among their broad class, fiber optic sensors on Bragg gratings, which differ from others by direct measurement methods, have significant advantages. In particular, an increase or decrease in relative humidity will lead to a corresponding change in the wavelength of the sensing source reflected from the grating, which can be measured with an accuracy of sixth place from its absolute value.This paper proposes to consider a two-element sensor of relative humidity of a parallel structure, which differs from the existing ones by using address fiber Bragg gratings made in SMF-28 fiber. One of the gratings has a polyimide-replaced quartz shell, synthesized using a reductant fiber coating, and a completely multiplicative response to temperature and deformation caused by humidity. The second grating is recorded in a standard fiber and responds only to temperature. It is possible to include an additional third grating with a partially etched cladding, which can be used for refract metric measurements of the amount of condensed moisture on the elements of a complete switchgear. All the gratings are identical, have, as a rule, the same Bragg wavelength after manipulating their claddings, but they have differing unique addresses, which are formed by recording two transparency windows in each of the gratings with different difference frequency space. The transparency windows correspond to phase p-shifts symmetrically located at the same distance from the center of each grating. The structure obtained makes it possible to record information of the measurement conversion at the said difference frequencies in the radio range, which significantly increases the speed of relative humidity measurements and their accuracy by an order of magnitude more. In addition to what has been said, it is possible to note the capability for building a network of these sensors in series arranged in switchgear devices, with a different radiofrequency address group being used in each of them.Рядом руководящих документов и подзаконных актов Российской Федерации, отраслевых министерств, ведомств и компаний измерение относительной влажности воздуха, изоляции элементов, элегаза введено в практику процесса эксплуатации и обслуживания комплектных распределительных устройств. Разработан широкий спектр высокоточных лабораторных приборов, которые используются для реализации указанных измерений. Однако, как правило, данные измерения проводятся планово, один-два раза в квартал, хотя о постоянном онлайн мониторинге влажности речь идет как в производственных, так и научных кругах энергетической отрасли. Возможность онлайн мониторинга появилась с появлением волоконно-оптических объектовых пассивных сетей сбора информации и возможности формирования в них сенсорных каналов, что предусмотрено также развитием концепции «Smart Grid Plus». Волоконно-оптические датчики, единые по структуре физического уровня с пассивными оптическими сетями, обладают высокой помехоустойчивостью, не подвержены влиянию мощных электромагнитных полей, характерных для создаваемых в комплектных распределительных устройствах, предназначены для работы в жестких условиях эксплуатации. Среди их широкого класса существенными преимуществами обладают волоконно-оптические датчики на брэгговских решетках, которые отличаются от других прямыми методами измерений. В частности, увеличение или уменьшение относительной влажности приведет к соответствующему изменению отраженной от решетки длины волны зондирующего источника, которая может быть измерена с точностью до шестого знака от ее абсолютного значения.В данной работе предложен к рассмотрению двухсенсорный датчик относительной влажности параллельной структуры, отличающийся от существующих использованием адресных волоконных брэгговских решеток, выполненных в волокне SMF-28. Одна из решеток имеет замененную полиимидом кварцевую оболочку, синтезированную с помощью восстановителя покрытия волокна, и полный мультипликативный отклик к температуре и деформации, вызванной влажностью. Вторая – представляет собой решетку, записанную в стандартном волокне, и реагирует только на температуру. Возможно включение дополнительной третьей решетки с частично вытравленной оболочкой, которая может быть применена для рефрактометрических измерений количества конденсированной влаги на элементах комплектного распределительного устройства. Все решетки идентичны, имеют, как правило, одинаковую длину волны Брэгга, после манипуляции над их оболочками, но отличаются уникальным адресом, который формируется записью двух окон прозрачности в каждой из решеток с различным разностным частотным пространством. Окна прозрачности соответствуют фазовым p-сдвигам, симметрично расположенным на одинаковом расстоянии от центра каждой из решеток. Полученная структура позволяет регистрировать информацию измерительного преобразования на указанных адресных разностных частотах в радиодиапазоне, что существенно повышает быстродействие измерений относительной влажности и их точность еще на порядок. В дополнение к сказанному можно отметить возможность построения сети указанных датчиков в последовательно расположенных комплектных распределительных устройствах, при этом в каждом из шкафов будет использована другая радиочастотная адресная группа

The Principal Conflict in Contemporary Russian Economic Thought: Traditional Approaches Against Economics

The work deals with the ideological clashes in Russian economic thought after 1991. Based on Schumpeter's distinction between economic analysis and economic thought, the paper focuses on a principal conflict that divides a new generation of Westernminded scholars and traditional Russian political economists. This conflict, on the one hand, is described as an attempt of traditional political economists to keep their positions at the economic departments of the universities. The most vivid manifestation of the resistance to economics is the so-called Tsagolov School at Moscow State University. On the other hand, the conflict might be regarded as the reaction of Russian nationalism to the penetration of ?alien? influences that are rather incompatible with the antiindividualist traditions of Russian social thought. The movement towards the creation of a ?national political economy? based on holism and etatism is seen not only as an expression and a by-product of resistance to methodological individualism in economics, but also as implicitly state-induced ideological efforts in a period of transition to an autocratic regime in Russia

Software defined down-hole telemetric systems: Training course

© 2015 SPIE. The paper is devoted for presentation of training course for applications and construction principles of poly-harmonic (two-frequency or four-frequency) cw laser systems for characterization of different nonlinear scattering effects in fibers and reflection of devices based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) in down-hole telemetric sensor nets, which are widely used in down-hole telemetric systems. In particular, we'll speak about evaluation of Mandelstam-Brillouin gain contour, Raman scattering contours and FBG reflection spectra characterization. Investigation methods and approaches are based on the unity of resonant structures of generated fiber responses on exciting and probing radiation or external physical fields for all given effects. The main decision is based on poly-harmonic probing of formed resonance responses. Training course united idea is software defined approach for down-hole parameters characterization in spite of measuring conversion principles

Software defined down-hole telemetric systems: Training course

© 2015 SPIE. The paper is devoted for presentation of training course for applications and construction principles of poly-harmonic (two-frequency or four-frequency) cw laser systems for characterization of different nonlinear scattering effects in fibers and reflection of devices based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) in down-hole telemetric sensor nets, which are widely used in down-hole telemetric systems. In particular, we'll speak about evaluation of Mandelstam-Brillouin gain contour, Raman scattering contours and FBG reflection spectra characterization. Investigation methods and approaches are based on the unity of resonant structures of generated fiber responses on exciting and probing radiation or external physical fields for all given effects. The main decision is based on poly-harmonic probing of formed resonance responses. Training course united idea is software defined approach for down-hole parameters characterization in spite of measuring conversion principles