416 research outputs found

    Multivariate risks and depth-trimmed regions

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    We describe a general framework for measuring risks, where the risk measure takes values in an abstract cone. It is shown that this approach naturally includes the classical risk measures and set-valued risk measures and yields a natural definition of vector-valued risk measures. Several main constructions of risk measures are described in this abstract axiomatic framework. It is shown that the concept of depth-trimmed (or central) regions from the multivariate statistics is closely related to the definition of risk measures. In particular, the halfspace trimming corresponds to the Value-at-Risk, while the zonoid trimming yields the expected shortfall. In the abstract framework, it is shown how to establish a both-ways correspondence between risk measures and depth-trimmed regions. It is also demonstrated how the lattice structure of the space of risk values influences this relationship.Comment: 26 pages. Substantially revised version with a number of new results adde

    ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ влияния лСсного ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ€Π° Π½Π° ствол листвСнного Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°

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    ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ процСсса тСплопСрСноса Π² слоистой структурС листвСнного Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π° для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ стСпСни ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ствола листвСнного Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ воздСйствии ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² лСсного ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ€Π°.Mathematical modeling of the heat transfer process in the layered structure of a deciduous tree to assess the degree of damage to a deciduous tree trunk under the influence of damaging factors of a forest fire

    Π€Π˜ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠžΠ’Π«Π• ΠžΠ‘ΠΠžΠ’Π« Π€ΠžΠ ΠœΠ˜Π ΠžΠ’ΠΠΠ˜Π― Π˜ΠΠΠžΠ’ΠΠ¦Π˜ΠžΠΠΠžΠ“Πž ΠŸΠžΠ’Π•ΠΠ¦Π˜ΠΠ›Π

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    oai:oai.finance.elpub.ru:article/267Defining the content and structure of the research (innovation) potential as part of the total economic potential of the national economy is a debatable issue. A careful study of different definitions allowed us to formulate a synthetic definition of the notion β€œscientific potential” as a set of resource (tangible) and intellectual (intangible) assets needed for developing innovation in various spheres of economic activities. The basic method applied for studying the research (innovation) potential was a systematic approach. The data presented in the information system of the state statistics were used as a basis for evaluation. In the conditions of intensification and structural modernization of production, the key task in developing the innovation potential is to attract investors who possess financial resources and can acquire advanced technologies to implement innovative projects. Innovative activity of organizations is directly linked to financing of R & D. In Russia, the main part of research spending is covered by the government while in the developed countries, the private sector takes a significant role in financing scientific research. The analysis carried out by the authors proves that there is a variety of ways of attracting financial resources in the field of science.ΠžΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ содСрТания ΠΈ структуры Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π² составС совокупного экономичСского ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ экономики являСтся дискуссионным вопросом. РассмотрСниС Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ позволяСт вывСсти синтСтичСскоС ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, согласно ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π» Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ рСсурсных (ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…), Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… (Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ…) возмоТностСй для создания ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сфСрах экономичСской Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ. ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ исслСдования Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° являСтся систСмный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄. Π‘Π°Π·ΠΎΠΉ для Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ слуТат Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅, прСдставлСнныС Π² ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмС государствСнной статистики. Π’ условиях интСнсификации ΠΈ провСдСния структурной ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ производства ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π° развития ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° состоит Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ инвСсторов, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ финансовыми рСсурсами ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ приобрСсти соврСмСнныС Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ для Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Π˜Π½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΡΠΌΡƒΡŽ связана с финансированиСм НИР. Π’ России основная Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ расходов Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΡƒ осущСствляСтся Π·Π° счСт Π±ΡŽΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… срСдств, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… странах вСсьма Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π² финансировании Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… исслСдований Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ частный бизнСс. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ формирования финансовых рСсурсов Π² сфСрС Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΈ

    Π ΠΠ—Π’Π˜Π’Π˜Π• Π€Π˜ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠžΠ’ΠžΠ™ Π‘Π Π•Π”Π« ΠΠ•ΠšΠžΠœΠœΠ•Π Π§Π•Π‘ΠšΠ˜Π₯ ΠžΠ Π“ΠΠΠ˜Π—ΠΠ¦Π˜Π™ РОББИИ

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    The paper deals with financial relationships and funding sources of non-profit organizations. The subject of the study is the role and place of non-profit organizations in the Russian national economy and their development trends. The scope of the paper includes the study of information materials on the economic condition of non-profit organizations. The purpose of the study was to identify the key problems of financial resource generation and ways to improve the economic activity of non-profit organizations in the context of the established innovation-oriented market economy model. The paper analyzes the current practice of funding non-profit organizations in Russia compared with the foreign experience. The problems accumulated in the financial support of non-profit organizations are considered and areas for improvement are suggested. The study used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, dialectical and system-based approaches, as well as method of comparison, analogies and expert assessments. The development of cooperation between non-profit organizations and enterprises of various organizational and legal forms, legal entities and individuals in matters of formation and use of financial resources is regarded as the most important objective of financial relations. It is proved that the share of public and private investments as well as donor funds in the financial support of economic activities of non-profit organizations needs to be increased. The conclusions and recommendations for improving the support of non-profit organizations through budgetary and non-budgetary funds in the situation of the macroeconomic instability and limited finance raised from various sources are formulated.Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящСна Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ финансовых ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ источников финансовых рСсурсов нСкоммСрчСских ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ исслСдования: Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ ΠΈ мСсто нСкоммСрчСских ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ экономикС России ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ… развития. Π’Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ ΠΎΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ исслСдованиС ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ± экономичСском ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ нСкоммСрчСских ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ. ЦСль Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹: Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ основныС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ формирования финансовых рСсурсов ΠΈ направлСния ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ экономичСской Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ нСкоммСрчСских ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π² условиях становлСния ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ хозяйствования. Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° финансирования нСкоммСрчСских ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π² России Π² сравнСнии с Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ накопившиСся ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ Π² финансовом обСспСчСнии нСкоммСрчСских ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ направлСния Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ исслСдования использовались ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ синтСза, диалСктичСский ΠΈ систСмный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ сравнСний, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, экспСртных ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ. Π’ качСствС ваТнСйшСй Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ развития финансовых ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ нСкоммСрчСских ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡ… взаимодСйствия с прСдприятиями Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ принадлСТности, ΡŽΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ физичСскими Π»ΠΈΡ†Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ вопросам формирования ΠΈ использования финансовых рСсурсов. ΠžΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ возрастания Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ государствСнных ΠΈ частных Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, срСдств Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² финансовом обСспСчСнии экономичСской Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ нСкоммСрчСских ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ. Π‘Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ финансирования нСкоммСрчСских ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π° счСт Π±ΡŽΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π±ΡŽΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… срСдств Π² условиях макроэкономичСской Π½Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ ограничСнности финансовых рСсурсов, Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π·Π° счСт Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… источников

    Coherent frequentism

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    By representing the range of fair betting odds according to a pair of confidence set estimators, dual probability measures on parameter space called frequentist posteriors secure the coherence of subjective inference without any prior distribution. The closure of the set of expected losses corresponding to the dual frequentist posteriors constrains decisions without arbitrarily forcing optimization under all circumstances. This decision theory reduces to those that maximize expected utility when the pair of frequentist posteriors is induced by an exact or approximate confidence set estimator or when an automatic reduction rule is applied to the pair. In such cases, the resulting frequentist posterior is coherent in the sense that, as a probability distribution of the parameter of interest, it satisfies the axioms of the decision-theoretic and logic-theoretic systems typically cited in support of the Bayesian posterior. Unlike the p-value, the confidence level of an interval hypothesis derived from such a measure is suitable as an estimator of the indicator of hypothesis truth since it converges in sample-space probability to 1 if the hypothesis is true or to 0 otherwise under general conditions.Comment: The confidence-measure theory of inference and decision is explicitly extended to vector parameters of interest. The derivation of upper and lower confidence levels from valid and nonconservative set estimators is formalize
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