Manipulating ionization path in a Stark map: Stringent schemes for the selective field ionization in highly excited Rb Rydberg atoms

We have developed a quite stringent method in selectivity to ionize the low angular- momentum ($\ell$) states which lie below and above the adjacent manifold in highly excited Rb Rydberg atoms. The method fully exploits the pulsed field-ionization characteristics of the manifold states in high slew-rate regime: Specifically the low $\ell$ state below (above) the adjacent manifold is firstly transferred to the lowest (highest) state in the manifold via the adiabatic transition at the first avoided crossing in low slew-rate regime, and then the atoms are driven to a high electric field for ionization in high slew-rate regime. These extreme states of the manifold are ionized at quite different fields due to the tunneling process, resulting in thus the stringent selectivity. Two manipulation schemes to realize this method actually are demonstrated here experimentally.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

Systematic observation of tunneling field-ionization in highly excited Rb Rydberg atoms

Pulsed field ionization of high-$n$ (90 $\leq n \leq$ 150) manifold states in Rb Rydberg atoms has been investigated in high slew-rate regime. Two peaks in the field ionization spectra were systematically observed for the investigated $n$ region, where the field values at the lower peak do not almost depend on the excitation energy in the manifold, while those at the higher peak increase with increasing excitation energy. The fraction of the higher peak component to the total ionization signals increases with increasing $n$, exceeding 80% at $n$ = 147. Characteristic behavior of the peak component and the comparison with theoretical predictions indicate that the higher peak component is due to the tunneling process. The obtained results show for the first time that the tunneling process plays increasingly the dominant role at such highly excited nonhydrogenic Rydberg atoms.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Simulation of a rotating strong gravity that reverses time

In this research we simulated how time can be reversed with a rotating strong gravity. At first, we assumed that the time and the space can be distorted with the presence of a strong gravity, and then we calculated the angular momentum density of the rotating gravitational field. For this simulation we used Einstein’s field equation with spherical polar coordinates and the Euler’s transformation matrix to simulate the rotation. We also assumed that the stress-energy tensor that is placed at the end of the strong gravitational field reflects the intensities of the angular momentum, which is the normal (perpendicular) vector to the rotating axis. The result of the simulation shows that the angular momentum of the rotating strong gravity changes its directions from plus (the future) to minus (the past) and from minus (the past) to plus (the future), depending on the frequency of the rotation

Simulating angular momentum of gravitational field of a rotating black hole and spin momentum of gravitational waves

In this research, we simulated the angular momentum of gravitational field of a rotating black hole and the spin momentum of gravitational waves emitted from the black hole. At first, we calculated energy densities of the rotating gravitational field and spinning gravitational waves as the vectors, which were projected on the spherical curved surface of the gravitational field and of the gravitational waves. Then we calculated the angular momentum and the spin momentum as the vectors perpendicular to the curved surface. The earlier research by Paul Dirac, published in 1964, did not select the curved surface to calculate the motion of quantum particles; but, instead, he chose the flat surface to develop the theory of quantum mechanics. However, we pursued the simulation of the gravitational waves in spherical polar coordinates that form the spherical curved surface of the gravitational waves. As a result, we found that a set of anti-symmetric vectors described the vectors that were perpendicular to the spherical curved surface, and with these vectors we simulated the angular momentum of the rotating black hole’s gravitational field and the spin momentum of gravitational waves. The obtained results describe the characteristics of the rotation of a black hole and of spinning gravitational waves

Spectroscopy of Heavy Mesons Expanded in 1/m_Q

Operating just once with the naive Foldy-Wouthuysen-Tani transformation on the relativistic Fermi-Yang equation for $Q\bar q$ bound states described by the semi-relativistic Hamiltonian which includes Coulomb-like as well as confining scalar potentials, we have calculated heavy meson mass spectra of D and B together with higher spin states. Based on the formulation recently proposed, their masses and wave functions are expanded up to the second order in $1/m_Q$ with a heavy quark mass $m_Q$ and the lowest order equation is examined carefully to obtain a complete set of eigenfunctions for the Schr\"odinger equation. Heavy quark effective theory parameters, $\bar\Lambda$, $\lambda_1$, and $\lambda_2$, are also determined at the first and second order in $1/m_Q$.Comment: 49 pages, 5 epsf figure

Numerical simulation of gravitational waves from a black hole, using curvature tensors

In this research we formulated the curvature tensors with the system of spherical polar coordinates, which describe the gravitational field and gravitational waves of a black hole; and then we calculated eigenvalues of the curvature tensors to estimate the relative strengths of their components to the stress-energy tensor in Einstein’s field equation. For this simulation, we assumed that the time and the distance interact with each other if we travel from Earth to the inside of the black hole, and then the result of the simulation showed that the gravitational waves carry the same components of the gravitational field of the black hole. On the other hand, when we assumed that the time and the distance are independent, which resembles the situation outside of the boundary of the black hole toward Earth, the curvature tensors are different between those of the gravitational field and the gravitational waves. Upon the results of the simulation we conclude that the gravitational waves that come from the inside of the black hole carry the information of the gravitational field inside of the black hole, if we assume that time and space are dependent each other

Simulating the rotation of a black hole and antigravity

In this article, we show that rotation of a black hole can create antigravity and anti-gravitational waves, given that there is a strong gravity in the black hole, which distorts time and space. At first, we derived the curvature tensors upon Einstein’s field equation, using spherical polar coordinates, and then calculated the coefficients of the curvature tensors to simulate the strength of each component of the tensors. It is assumed that the stress-energy tensor, which is located outside of the black hole, can reflect the strength of the gravitational field and the gravitational waves. As the result, we concluded that, if the time and space are distorted in the black hole, the rotation can create antigravity and the anti-gravitational waves. In addition, the result of the simulation shows that the antigravity positively contributes to the stress-energy tensor, which may expand the size of the Universe

Empirical investigation on influence of moon’s gravitational-field to earth’s global temperature

This research examined a possibility of the Moon’s gravitational-wave that may influence Earth’s global temperature, with a mathematical method of empirical analysis with the data of the global temperature, global carbon dioxide, and the distance between Moon and Earth. We made the regression analysis of the global temperature over the factors of Moon’s gravitational field taken from the General Theory of Relativity and from the Newton’s gravity theory, with the data of the carbon-dioxide. The result shows that Newton’s gravitational field is related to Earth’s global temperature, while the influence of Moon’s gravitational wave is negligible. However, we also found a possibility that the gravitational wave could contribute to Moon’s gravitational-field upon the analysis of multicollinearity of two factors taken from Newton’s theory and the General Theory of Relativity