Bering's proposal for boundary contribution to the Poisson bracket

It is shown that the Poisson bracket with boundary terms recently proposed by Bering (hep-th/9806249) can be deduced from the Poisson bracket proposed by the present author (hep-th/9305133) if one omits terms free of Euler-Lagrange derivatives ("annihilation principle"). This corresponds to another definition of the formal product of distributions (or, saying it in other words, to another definition of the pairing between 1-forms and 1-vectors in the formal variational calculus). We extend the formula (initially suggested by Bering only for the ultralocal case with constant coefficients) onto the general non-ultralocal brackets with coefficients depending on fields and their spatial derivatives. The lack of invariance under changes of dependent variables (field redefinitions) seems a drawback of this proposal.Comment: 18 pages, LaTeX, amssym

Guidelines of Foreign Partner Selection in the USSR

This working paper is one of a series produced by TES-MTC project discussing the problems of East-West Joint Ventures located in the CMEA countries on a country basis. The share of joint ventures as the latest form of economic relations between CMEA countries and market-economy countries is increasing rapidly. Managers and policy-makers in state governmental organizations are now trying to overcome various problems arising during the process of partner selection, negotiation and operation of joint ventures. The problem of partner selection, for example, has already become evident in the many countries' experience. To address the rapidly increasing number and complexity of offers from both Eastern and Western potential partners calls for creating a special methodology and practical procedures for this activity. In many countries, a lack of information about potential partners and of established contacts has also contributed to the problematic situation. In order to resolve this practical problem, the All-Union Institute for External Economic Affairs has developed a methodology to help Soviet companies identify and select the right partner for a joint venture. This working paper describes step-by-step the procedure through which Soviet companies can select the appropriate partner for joint ventures or projects. The methodology is based on the assumption that one of the most effective tools for choosing a joint venture partner is the international tender. This creates a competitive environment for partner selection and presents an opportunity to attract various Western companies as potential partners. The Management of Technological Change (MTC) project, part of the Technology, Economy and Society Program, has as one of its objectives to disseminate new relevant information about solutions generated in various countries concerning the practice of joint ventures. The working paper of Dr. Soloviev is among the first papers to serve that objective. It should be noted that the elaborated methodological procedure for partner selection is recommended not only for business organizations, but also for policy-makers from different governmental agencies, such as the Ministry Council of the Soviet Union, as well as for various ministries and other organizations making decisions concerning the creation of joint ventures

Fintech Ecosystem and Landscape in Russia

Fintech is today not only a hot mass media discussion of the future of the financial sector, but also real projects that change banking and financial services. The paper describes features and characteristics of contemporary Russian fintech landscape and ecosystem. The examples of innovative financial services in Russia, including online banking and accounting, new payments and transfers services, platforms for crowdfunding and peer-to-peer lending, blockchain initiatives, etc. are discussed. It is shown that fintech initiatives have not yet led to a radical transformation of the financial sector in Russia because participants of the fintech ecosystem have different points of view on fintech. Russian banks are now developing fintech initiatives within themselves, encouraging technology companies and fintech startups to focus their efforts on innovations that are aimed at improving processes, rather than opening new markets. The Government directs the main efforts to initiatives related to regulation of cryptocurrencies circulation and to introduction of blockchain in regtech and cybersecurity. Customers are interested in new and more convenient functionality in mobile applications, and they are waiting for new value propositions, including fast international money transfers, roboadvising, personal financial management, peer-to-peer lending

Gauge Dressing of 2D Field Theories

By using the gauge Ward identities, we study correlation functions of gauged WZNW models. We show that the gauge dressing of the correlation functions can be taken into account as a solution of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation. Our method is analogous to the analysis of the gravitational dressing of 2D field theories.Comment: 13 pages, Late

Joint Ventures with Foreign Capital Participation in the Soviet Union: Experiences and Future Outlook

This working paper is one of a series produced by TES-MTC project discussing the problems of East-West Joint Ventures located in the CMEA countries on a country basis. One of the most interesting and noticeable changes in East-West economic relations over the past years has been the rapidly increasing number of East-West joint ventures hosted in the Soviet Union. At the end of 1987, there were only 19 such joint ventures. In March 1988, the number had almost doubled (36). As of October 1988, the number is now approaching 100 (99 established). The number of East-West joint ventures located in other countries is also increasing at various rates. Many countries which are hosting such joint ventures are now analyzing the current practice as part of a common analysis of their national economic development and in some cases have already introduced changes in their legislation to improve the conditions provided for foreign joint venture partners (e.g., Czechoslovakia and Hungary). Many more joint ventures are being negotiated, and numerous proposals are still to be considered between both Eastern and Western partners. With such high process dynamics, it is very important to remain up-to-date with the latest legislative changes and also to follow closely new results achieved by national groups and research institutes in analyzing financial and practical aspects of joint ventures. The Management of Technological Change (MTC) project, part of the Technology, Economy and Society (TES) Program, has developed an international network which is performing an empirical study on practical problems of joint ventures hosted in various CMEA countries. This working paper is an intermediate report from the Soviet national group, headed by the All-Union Institute for External Economic Affairs in Moscow. The working paper highlights the practical situation in the USSR, both as regards legislation and managerial practice of operating joint ventures and also concentrates on certain issues concerning the current practical experience of operating joint ventures in the USSR. The authors are both participants in MTC's international network and close collaborators of the project

Superconducting Phase Domains for Memory Applications

In this work we study theoretically the properties of S-F/N-sIS type Josephson junctions in the frame of the quasiclassical Usadel formalism. The structure consists of two superconducting electrodes (S), a tunnel barrier (I), a combined normal metal/ferromagnet (N/F) interlayer and a thin superconducting film (s). We demonstrate the breakdown of a spatial uniformity of the superconducting order in the s-film and its decomposition into domains with a phase shift $\pi$ . The effect is sensitive to the thickness of the s layer and the widths of the F and N films in the direction along the sIS interface. We predict the existence of a regime where the structure has two energy minima and can be switched between them by an electric current injected laterally into the structure. The state of the system can be non-destructively read by an electric current flowing across the junction

Josephson effect in SIFS-tunnel junctions with domain walls in weak link region

We study theoretically the properties of SIFS type Josephson junctions composed of two superconducting (S) electrodes separated by an insulating layer (I) and a ferromagnetic (F) film consisting of periodic magnetic domains structure with antiparallel magnetization directions in neighboring domains. The two-dimensional problem in the weak link area is solved analytically in the framework of the linearized quasiclassical Usadel equations. Based on this solution, the spatial distributions of the critical current density, $J_{C},$ in the domains and critical current, $I_{C},$ of SIFS structures are calculated as a function of domain wall parameters, as well as the thickness, $d_{F},$ and the width, $W,$ of the domains. We demonstrate that $I_{C}(d_{F},W)$ dependencies exhibit damped oscillations with the ratio of the decay length, $\xi_{1},$ and oscillation period, $\xi_{2},$ being a function of the parameters of the domains, and this ratio may take any value from zero to unity. Thus, we propose a new physical mechanism that may explain the essential difference between $\xi_{1}$ and $\xi_{2}$ observed experimentally in various types of SFS Josephson junctions.Comment: The paper will be published in JETP letters vol 101, issue 11, 201

Current-phase relations in SIsFS junctions in the vicinity of 0-π\pi transition

We consider the current-phase relation (CPR) in the Josephson junctions with complex insulator-superconductor-ferromagnetic interlayers in the vicinity of 0-$\pi$ transition. We find a strong impact of the second harmonic on CPR of the junctions. It is shown that the critical current can be kept constant in the region of 0-pi transition, while the CPR transforms through multi-valued hysteretic states depending on the relative values of tunnel transparency and magnetic thickness. Moreover, CPR in the transition region has multiple branches with distinct ground states.Comment: Submitted in Phys. Rev.