Проблема определения международно-правового статусаКаспийского моря: современный этап

This paper is devoted to the international legal status of the Caspian Sea. After the USSR breakup Iran and Russia were committed to the provisions of the Soviet-Iranian treaties and opposed the division of the Caspian Sea into national sectors. The new Caspian states had a different outlook: they supported the idea of the Caspian division into national sectors. They believed that the Russian-Persian and later on Russian-Iranian documents addressed the issues of fishery and navigationanddidnotregulatetheissues related to exploration, development and transit of hydrocarbons. This paper underlines that the active policy of the Caspian countries on the international legal status of the Caspian based on availability of hydrocarbon resources in the Caspian shelf.В статье рассматривается проблема международно- правового статуса Каспийского моря. После распада СССР Иран и Россия придерживались положений советско-иранских договоров и выступали против разделения Каспия на национальные сектора. Новые прикаспийские государства придерживались иных позиций: они выступали за ра- дел Каспия на национальные сектора. Новые прикаспийские государства считали, что российско-персидские, а впоследствии и росийско-иранские документы касались вопросов рыболовства и судоходства и ни как н

Current trends in cannulation and neuroprotection during surgery of the aortic arch in Europe†‡

OBJECTIVES To conduct a survey across European cardiac centres to evaluate the methods used for cerebral protection during aortic surgery involving the aortic arch. METHODS All European centres were contacted and surgeons were requested to fill out a short, comprehensive questionnaire on an internet-based platform. One-third of more than 400 contacted centres completed the survey correctly. RESULTS The most preferred site for arterial cannulation is the subclavian-axillary, both in acute and chronic presentation. The femoral artery is still frequently used in the acute condition, while the ascending aorta is a frequent second choice in the case of chronic presentation. Bilateral antegrade brain perfusion is chosen by the majority of centres (2/3 of cases), while retrograde perfusion or circulatory arrest is very seldom used and almost exclusively in acute clinical presentation. The same pumping system of the cardio pulmonary bypass is most of the time used for selective cerebral perfusion, and the perfusate temperature is usually maintained between 22 and 26°C. One-third of the centres use lower temperatures. Perfusate flow and pressure are fairly consistent among centres in the range of 10-15 ml/kg and 60 mmHg, respectively. In 60% of cases, barbiturates are added for cerebral protection, while visceral perfusion still receives little attention. Regarding cerebral monitoring, there is a general tendency to use near-infrared spectroscopy associated with bilateral radial pressure measurement. CONCLUSIONS These data represent a snapshot of the strategies used for cerebral protection during major aortic surgery in current practice, and may serve as a reference for standardization and refinement of different approache

International Legal Status of the Caspian Sea: Current Stage

This paper is devoted to the international legal status of the Caspian Sea. After the USSR breakup Iran and Russia were committed to the provisions of the Soviet-Iranian treaties and opposed the division of the Caspian Sea into national sectors. The new Caspian states had a different outlook: they supported the idea of the Caspian division into national sectors. They believed that the Russian-Persian and later on Russian-Iranian documents addressed the issues of fishery and navigationanddidnotregulatetheissues related to exploration, development and transit of hydrocarbons. This paper underlines that the active policy of the Caspian countries on the international legal status of the Caspian based on availability of hydrocarbon resources in the Caspian shelf

The natural, historical and cultural heritage of the Dido basin and its mountain setting and its potential for the development of tourism and recreation

Aim. The article considers the potential of the natural, cultural and historical features of the territory of the Dido (Shaurinsky District) basin with its dramatic mountainous setting for the further development of tourism and recreation in regions of  the highlands of the East Caucasus.   Materials and Methods. In carrying out our study data obtained from field research,  including a comprehensive environmental survey of the territory, were used. Field  research  included  on‐site  expeditions,  profiling,  descriptive,  identification  of  key  areas, mapping, photography. Historical sources, as well as stock imagery and existing cartographic material, were consulted.   Results. The territory’s natural features and historical and cultural heritage were  examined in terms of their attractiveness for tourist visits and an option of creating a  recreational zone with tourist centres was articulated among other proposals for  tourism and recreational development.   Conclusion. The Dido basin with its high biological and landscape diversity and distinctive cultural and historical heritage presents significant potential for the development of various types of tourism and an associated local hospitality industry

COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF THIMALIN, EPITALAMIN, AND VILON UPON THE STATE OF IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH CLINICAL COMPLICATIONS OF APPENDICITIS

Abstract. It is revealed, that significant disturbances of cellular and humoral immunity are observed in patients with complicated course of appendicitis. Intramuscular administration of Thimalin (10 mg per injection), Epitalamin (10 mg per injection) for 10 days or Vilon (10 mkg per injection) during 5 or 10 days, applied as a complement to conventional treatment, proved to exert immunostimulatory effects. Moreover, it promoted healing of surgical wounds by a primary tension, and also reduced terms of the treatment by a mean of 5-6 days. To achieve similar medical effects, a twofold lesser number of Vilon single doses is required, than those of Thimalin and Epitalamin. (Med. Immunol., 2008, vol. 10, N 4-5, pp 455-462)