21,416 research outputs found
Hyperbolic metamaterial interfaces: Hawking radiation from Rindler horizons and the "end of time"
Extraordinary rays in a hyperbolic metamaterial behave as particle world
lines in a three dimensional (2+1) Minkowski spacetime. We analyze
electromagnetic field behavior at the boundaries of this effective spacetime
depending on the boundary orientation. If the boundary is perpendicular to the
space-like direction in the metamaterial, an effective Rindler horizon may be
observed which produces Hawking radiation. On the other hand, if the boundary
is perpendicular to the time-like direction an unusual physics situation is
created, which can be called "the end of time". It appears that in the lossless
approximation electromagnetic field diverges at the interface in both
situations. Experimental observations of the "end of time" using plasmonic
metamaterials confirm this conclusion.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figure
Factor market oligopsony and the location decision of free entry oligopoly
This paper examines the impact of oligopsony power on the location decision of undifferentiated oligopolistic firms with free entry. In the case where the distance of an oligopolistic firm from the output market is held constant, it shows that the optimum location moves away from the oligopsonistic input market if the demand function and the labor supply function are linear. In the case where the distance of an oligopolistic firm from the output market is a decision variable, it shows that the optimum location may not move toward the output market as demand increases if the demand function is convex. These results are significantly different from the conventional results based on the perfectly competitive factor market. It indicates that the presence of oligopsony power has important influence on the location decision of oligopolistic firms.Free entry oligopoly
A general BRST approach to string theories with zeta function regularizations
We propose a new general BRST approach to string and string-like theories
which have a wider range of applicability than e g the conventional conformal
field theory method. The method involves a simple general regularization of all
basic commutators which makes all divergent sums to be expressible in terms of
zeta functions from which finite values then may be extracted in a rigorous
manner. The method is particular useful in order to investigate possible state
space representations to a given model. The method is applied to three string
models: The ordinary bosonic string, the tensionless string and the conformal
tensionless string. We also investigate different state spaces for these
models. The tensionless string models are treated in details. Although we
mostly rederive known results they appear in a new fashion which deepens our
understanding of these models. Furthermore, we believe that our treatment is
more rigorous than most of the previous ones. In the case of the conformal
tensionless string we find a new solution for d=4.Comment: 21 pages,Latexfile,revised presentation, previous title:"Critical
dimensions and zeta regularizations in string theories
Conserved cosmological structures in the one-loop superstring effective action
A generic form of low-energy effective action of superstring theories with
one-loop quantum correction is well known. Based on this action we derive the
complete perturbation equations and general analytic solutions in the
cosmological spacetime. Using the solutions we identify conserved quantities
characterizing the perturbations: the amplitude of gravitational wave and the
perturbed three-space curvature in the uniform-field gauge both in the
large-scale limit, and the angular-momentum of rotational perturbation are
conserved independently of changing gravity sector. Implications for
calculating perturbation spectra generated in the inflation era based on the
string action are presented.Comment: 5 pages, no figure, To appear in Phys. Rev.
Nonsemisimple Fusion Algebras and the Verlinde Formula
We find a nonsemisimple fusion algebra F_p associated with each (1,p)
Virasoro model. We present a nonsemisimple generalization of the Verlinde
formula which allows us to derive F_p from modular transformations of
characters.Comment: LaTeX (amsart, xypic, times), 35p
Universality of Sea Wave Growth and Its Physical Roots
Modern day studies of wind-driven sea waves are usually focused on wind
forcing rather than on the effect of resonant nonlinear wave interactions. The
authors assume that these effects are dominating and propose a simple
relationship between instant wave steepness and time or fetch of wave
development expressed in wave periods or lengths. This law does not contain
wind speed explicitly and relies upon this asymptotic theory. The validity of
this law is illustrated by results of numerical simulations, in situ
measurements of growing wind seas and wind wave tank experiments. The impact of
the new vision of sea wave physics is discussed in the context of conventional
approaches to wave modeling and forecasting.Comment: submitted to Journal of Fluid Mechanics 24-Sep-2014, 34 pages, 10
figure
A conserved variable in the perturbed hydrodynamic world model
We introduce a scalar-type perturbation variable which is conserved in
the large-scale limit considering general sign of three-space curvature (),
the cosmological constant (), and time varying equation of state. In a
pressureless medium is {\it exactly conserved} in all scales.Comment: 4 pages, no figure, To appear in Phys. Rev.
Diquaternary Ammonium Compounds in Zeolite Synthesis: Cyclic and Polycyclic N-Heterocycles Connected by Methylene Chains
An additional dimension has been added to our long-standing studies in high silica zeolite synthesis via a guest/host synergism. We have created and studied the impact of making symmetric diquaternary ammonium compounds, by varying the chain length between nitrogen charge centers, and the heterocycle size and geometry containing the nitrogen. This allows the introduction of a second spatial parameter in the use of the charged organo-cation guest in the zeolite synthesis. The series of 15 diquaternary ammonium compounds (5 heterocycles synthesized onto chain lengths of C4âC6) were tested in a total of 135 zeolite syntheses reactions. Nine screening reactions were employed for each guest molecule, and the conditions built upon past successes in finding novel high silica zeolites via introduction of boron, aluminum, or germanium as substituting tetrahedral framework atoms for silicon. Eighteen different zeolite structures emerged from the studies. The use of specific chain lengths for derivatives of the pyrrolidine ring system produced novel zeolite materials SSZ-74 and 75
Relativistic Hydrodynamic Cosmological Perturbations
Relativistic cosmological perturbation analyses can be made based on several
different fundamental gauge conditions. In the pressureless limit the variables
in certain gauge conditions show the correct Newtonian behaviors. Considering
the general curvature () and the cosmological constant () in the
background medium, the perturbed density in the comoving gauge, and the
perturbed velocity and the perturbed potential in the zero-shear gauge show the
same behavior as the Newtonian ones in general scales. In the first part, we
elaborate these Newtonian correspondences. In the second part, using the
identified gauge-invariant variables with correct Newtonian correspondences, we
present the relativistic results with general pressures in the background and
perturbation. We present the general super-sound-horizon scale solutions of the
above mentioned variables valid for general , , and generally
evolving equation of state. We show that, for vanishing , the
super-sound-horizon scale evolution is characterised by a conserved variable
which is the perturbed three-space curvature in the comoving gauge. We also
present equations for the multi-component hydrodynamic situation and for the
rotation and gravitational wave.Comment: 16 pages, no figure, To appear in Gen. Rel. Gra
- âŠ