Design challenges for stepper motor actuated microvalve based on fine and micro-machining

We present a normally open stepper motor actuated microvalve based on micro and fine-machining technique. In this paper, first we have described how the larger controllable flow range can be achieved with simple micromachining techniques and secondly we have presented the results which show how the performance of the microvalve can be improved by using combination of different metal screws for mechanical transmission of power to deflect the membrane to control the flow of gas

Bond Strength Tests Between Silicon Wafers and Duran Tubes (Fusion Bonded Fluidic Interconnects)

The fusion bond strength of glass tubes with standard silicon wafers is presented. Experiments with plain silicon wafers and those coated with silicon oxide and silicon nitride are presented. Results obtained are discussed in terms of homogeneity and strength of fusion bond. High pressure testing shows that the bond strength is large enough for most applications of fluidic interconnects. The bond strength for 525 /spl mu/m thick silicon with glass tubes having outer diameter of 6 mm and with wall thickness 2 mm, is more than 60 bars after annealing at a temperature of 800/spl deg/C

Respiratory arrest in a child after flushing of pancuronium from the dead space of intravenous cannula

It is common practice for patients admitted to Intensive Care Units to have indwelling intravenous cannulae. Sometimes these cannulae are used only for the administration of drugs and are closed otherwise. Residual drugs in the deadspace of these intravenous cannulae as well as connected stoppers or 3-way stopcocks can later be flushed unknowingly. We would like to report a case in which inadvertent flushing of residual pancuronium caused complete muscle paralysis and respiratory arrest in a young child

1-(Benz­yloxy)naphthalene

In the title compound, C17H14O, the dihedral angle between the naphthyl ring system and the benzyl group is 83.22 (4)°. Both of these moieties are planar, with mean deviations from their least-squares planes, defined by the naphthyl ring C atoms and the O atom, and the phenyl ring C atoms and the benzyl α-C atom, of 0.0176 (1) and 0.0024 (13) Å, respectively. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7817 (10) Å]

Surgical Outcome of Anterior Skull Base Approach for Combined ENT and Neurosurgical Lesions

Objective:  To determine surgical outcome of Anterior Skull Base approach for combined ENT   and Neurosurgical Lesions. Material and Methods:  This descriptive study was conducted at the departments of ENT, Head, Neck Surgery and Neurosurgery Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI) Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from March 2003 to Feb. 2008, with a total duration of five years. All these patients were admitted in ENT department. These patients were evaluated in terms of detailed history, thorough examination and radiological investigations. Incisional biopsy of the nasal mass was taken in cases where angiofibroma was excluded clinically, and then proper approach for excision of the lesion was planned. A well informed consent was taken from patient explaining the procedure, its risks, benefits and associated complications. The intracranial lesion was completely excised by neurosurgeons with help of microscope while the extracranial portion of the lesion was excised by ENT surgeon .The specimen of the lesions was examined by Histopathologist. Results:  This study included 23 patients in the age range of 12-51 years, mean age 25 years. Eighteen patients were male and five were female with female to male ratio of 1:3.6. These patients presented mainly with complaints of nasal obstruction, epistaxis and headache. CT scans were performed in all 23 cases (100%) while MRI in 5 cases (21.73%). These patients presented with advanced disease on radiological findings and they were treated by combined approach by Neurosurgeons and Otorhinolaryngologists. On histopathology of the specimen angiofibroma was on top. Two patients were subjected to radiotherapy postoperatively. There was no mortality and no recurrence of the disease. Conclusion:  The anterior skull base approach has good surgical outcome in terms of complete clearance of the disease and minimum morbidity for combined neurosurgical and ENT lesions irrespective of the nature of the lesion

Conformational studies on some 3-chloro- 2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-ones by 1H NMR spectra

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Phage-Encoded Endolysins

Due to the global emergence of antibiotic resistance, there has been an increase in research surrounding endolysins as an alternative therapeutic. Endolysins are phage-encoded enzymes, utilized by mature phage virions to hydrolyze the cell wall from within. There is significant evidence that proves the ability of endolysins to degrade the peptidoglycan externally without the assistance of phage. Thus, their incorporation in therapeutic strategies has opened new options for therapeutic application against bacterial infections in the human and veterinary sectors, as well as within the agricultural and biotechnology sectors. While endolysins show promising results within the laboratory, it is important to document their resistance, safety, and immunogenicity for in-vivo application. This review aims to provide new insights into the synergy between endolysins and antibiotics, as well as the formulation of endolysins. Thus, it provides crucial information for clinical trials involving endolysins