Solubility behaviour, crystallisation kinetics and pour point : a comparison of linear alkane and triacyl glyceride solute/solvent mixtures

Mixtures of either a hydrocarbon wax in a hydrocarbon solvent or a long chain triacyl glyceride (TAG) in a TAG solvent show complex solubility boundary temperature hysteresis and precipitated crystal network formation leading to gelation. For these industrially-important systems, we show how the equilibrium solubility and its hysteresis, crystallisation kinetics and pour point temperature vary with solute concentration for representative examples of both hydrocarbon (n-tetracosane (C24) solute in n-heptane (C7) solvent) and TAG (tristearin (SSS) solute in tricaprylin (CCC) solvent) mixtures. The behaviour is modelled with good accuracy; thereby providing a useful aid to formulation and process optimisation

Exposing the dressed quark's mass

This snapshot of recent progress in hadron physics made in connection with QCD's Dyson-Schwinger equations includes: a perspective on confinement and dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB); a pre'cis on the physics of in-hadron condensates; results on the hadron spectrum, including dressed-quark-core masses for the nucleon and Delta, their first radial excitations, and the parity-partners of these states; an illustration of the impact of DCSB on the electromagnetic pion form factor, thereby exemplifying how data can be used to chart the momentum-dependence of the dressed-quark mass function; and a prediction that F_1^{p,d}/F_1^{p,u} passes through zero at Q^2\approx 5m_N^2 owing to the presence of nonpointlike scalar and axial-vector diquark correlations in the nucleon.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. Contribution to the Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Exclusive Reactions at High Momentum Transfer, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Newport News, Virginia, 18-21 May 201

Covariance, Dynamics and Symmetries, and Hadron Form Factors

We summarise applications of Dyson-Schwinger equations to the theory and phenomenology of hadrons. Some exact results for pseudoscalar mesons are highlighted with details relating to the U_A(1) problem. We describe inferences from the gap equation relating to the radius of convergence for expansions of observables in the current-quark mass. We recapitulate upon studies of nucleon electromagnetic form factors, providing a comparison of the ln-weighted ratios of Pauli and Dirac form factors for the neutron and proton.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures. Contribution to proceedings of Workshop on Exclusive Reactions at High Momentum Transfer, May 21-24, 2007, Jefferson Lab, Newport News, V

An Expansion Term In Hamilton's Equations

For any given spacetime the choice of time coordinate is undetermined. A particular choice is the absolute time associated with a preferred vector field. Using the absolute time Hamilton's equations are $- (\delta H_{c})/(\delta q)=\dot{\pi}+\Theta\pi,$+ (\delta H_{c})/(\delta \pi)=\dot{q}$, where$\Theta = V^{a}_{.;a}$is the expansion of the vector field. Thus there is a hitherto unnoticed term in the expansion of the preferred vector field. Hamilton's equations can be used to describe fluid motion. In this case the absolute time is the time associated with the fluid's co-moving vector. As measured by this absolute time the expansion term is present. Similarly in cosmology, each observer has a co-moving vector and Hamilton's equations again have an expansion term. It is necessary to include the expansion term to quantize systems such as the above by the canonical method of replacing Dirac brackets by commutators. Hamilton's equations in this form do not have a corresponding sympletic form. Replacing the expansion by a particle number$N\equiv exp(-\int\Theta d \ta)$and introducing the particle numbers conjugate momentum$\pi^{N}$the standard sympletic form can be recovered with two extra fields N and$\pi^N$. Briefly the possibility of a non-standard sympletic form and the further possibility of there being a non-zero Finsler curvature corresponding to this are looked at.Comment: 10 page

Jesuit collegiate education in England, 1794 1914

In 1773 the Society of Jesus was formally suppressed and the Fathers of the English Province entered a period of limbo which their school at St. Omers survived in a variety of guises. The first chapter of this thesis describes the arrival of the teachers and pupils of this school in England; and examines the manner in which the College and Order were reconstituted on English soil. The nature of the curriculum, finances and social class composition are considered -inter alia. The second and third chapters relate the way in which the work undertaken at the founding College, Stonyhurst, was expanded. These chapters describe the revival of day Colleges by the Society, and analyse the way in which the new Colleges, both day and boarding, were managed. An important feature examined, is the extension of educational provision for middle class pupils coupled with the curricular and financial adaptations undertaken. One element which is common to all chapters is an analysis of the relationship of the Order to the Hierarchy. In Chapter 4 this becomes a central concern of the study as the attempts by the Jesuits to begin a College in Manchester resulted in a direct confrontation with the local Bishop and ultimately with the whole English Hierarchy, The attitude and machinations of the Cardinal Archbishop, Henry Edward Manning, led to the defeat of the Order in a canonical dispute in Rome, a result which blighted the Jesuits' work for more than a decade. The chapter also examines the educational circumstances and effects of this dispute, the case in canon law awaits exploration. Chapters 5 and 6 examine the work of the Order in the light of the Bull Romanos Pontifices which followed the defeat in Rome. The former considers the Fathers' efforts to improve their educational service to Catholic youth while effectively prevented from opening new schools. The latter examines the revitalisation of the English Province's Colleges in the Archiepiscopate of Cardinal Vaughan, but also demonstrates the inexorable financial difficulties facing the opening and conduct of schools. In the penultimate chapter, a departure is made to examine the progress made by the Jesuits in boarding education in the Stonyhurst tradition. The opening and evolution of Beaumont College and the assimilation of the Order's schools into the community of Public schools are important factors under scrutiny. The final chapter considers the relationship of the Jesuit day Colleges to the State. As the State expanded its role and the Jesuit schools sought additional finance, they were ineluctably drawn together. The evolutionary nature of this relationship and its political ramifications are considered as they moved to a position of mutually agreed neutrality, if not satisfaction, an appropriate point, before the overwhelming cataclysm of the First World War, to terminate this thesis. The foundations upon which this thesis was constructed lie in the study of much manuscript material. Like many of the sources for Catholic history, these records are widely dispersed and have had to be correlated. As the study makes clear, there are few secondary guides. University theses have often contained the only indications of the work of the Bishops, or other Catholic educators. It is hoped that this thesis will, in its turn, serve to guide others in a terrain where there are many areas yet unexplored