Cyclic nucleotides in tissues during long-term hypokinesia

Male Wistar rates were kept hypokinetic by placing them in small containers for 22 days. Blood plasma cAMP content was subsequently found increased, and cGMP content decreased, in the experimental animals. Liver and thymus cAMP content was similar in the control and experimental animals. There was a 20 and 38% decrease of cAMP content in the kidneys and spleen, respectively. Hypokinesia's reduction of cyclic nucleotides seems to inhibit RNA and protein synthesis

APPLICATION OF MAСHINE LEARNING METHODS FOR DETECTING OF JPEG IMAGE INTEGRITY VIOLATIONS

Subject of Research. The paper presents the study on the JPEG image integrity violations and existing methods of their detection. We propose a method for detection of modified image and the source of its modification. The method gives the possibility to determine the original image and camera model that recorded it. Method. The method was developed with the use of machine learning tools. The following machine learning methods have been studied: naive Bayesian classifier, decision tree, logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors, SVC, random forest. The base for model training was formed by the original photos from website www.steves-digicams.comthat were modified by different graphic editors. The proposed method uses JPEG-image structure in byte view, namely, markers. Availability of markers and their number were suggested as classification features. Main Results. The trained model has demonstrated high classification result equal to more than 95%. Among all evaluated algorithms the two ones have shown the best results: decision tree and random forest. Decision tree was chosen as the best one upon stability criterion. Practical Relevance. Thereceived result can be practically applicable in the area of forensics and information security

Experiment K-6-16. Morphological examination of rat testes. The effect of Cosmos 1887 flight on spermatogonial population and testosterone level in rat testes

Testes from rats flown on Cosmos 1887 for twelve and a half days were compared to basal control, synchronous control and vivarium maintained rats. When the mean weights of flight testes, normalized for weight/100 gms, were compared to the vivarium controls they were 6.7 percent lighter. Although the flight testes were lighter than the synchronous, the difference is not significant. Counts of spermatogonial cells from 5 animals in each group revealed a 4 percent decrease in flight compared to vivarium controls. In both cases the t-Test significance was less than 0.02. The serum testosterone levels of all animals (flight, synchronous and vivarium) were significantly below the basal controls

Manipulations with early mouse embryos for generation of genetically modified animals

Recently, genome-editing technologies have  become more efficient and accessible. The discovery of nucleases for directional genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9, TALEN, ZFNs) significantly accelerated and simplified the production of mice with targeted gene editing in the genome. Until last time, the CRISPR/Cas9 system noticeably simplified the preparation of knockout or transgenic mice. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was successfully applied for gene knockout and knock-in, generation of large deletions or directed insertions in targeted genome regions in embryonic stem cells (ESCs).When injected into blastocysts, such  modified ESCs are able to generate chimeras producing gametes with an identical genotype with ESC. Thus, it can identify animals with modified genomes. More recently, CRISPR/Cas9 technology was successfully applied to mouse zygotes and the birth of genetic modified mice was observed, i. e., the time required for generating genome-modified animals decreased significantly. The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows making gene knockout, large deletions or directed insertions into the target region of the genome by cytoplasm or pronuclear microinjection into zygotes. In addition, this is faster and simpler than similar work with mouse ESCs. Meanwhile, methods of manipulation with early embryos and their transplantation to surrogate mothers may be somewhat tricky. Therefore, it is important to use modern technologies for directional genome editing and perfect mastery in the embryological technics. In this article, we describe the protocols of microinjection into the pronucleus or cytoplasm of zygotes and injection of embryonic stem cells into the blastocyst cavity. We also describe embryological methods, such as superovulation, preparation of early stage  embryos,  surgical operation, production of foster mice. In addition, we describe the assembly and necessary components for the isoflurane anesthetic apparatus and isoflurane anesthesia

Changes of the body functions during long-term hypokinesia

Prolonged hypokinesis (100-170 days) studied in 2000 rats kept in cages limiting their mobility provoked considerable changes in the gaseous and energetic metabolism: an elevation of the total gaseous metabolism and of the rate of O2 requirement by the muscles (in the late periods of hypokinesis) and a change in the intensity of tissue respiration of the liver and myocardium. There also proved to be a reduction in the level of phosphorylation and separation of oxidative phosphorylation in the myocardium, liver, and partially in the skeletal muscle. Prolonged hypokinesia led to changes in tissue metabolism: a disturbance of development of the animals, a marked delay and an increase in the weight of the organism and the muscular system, and disturbances of the mineral and protein metabolism. Prolonged hypokinesis also lead to exhaustion of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal cortex system

Synthesis of New Diazahomoadamantanone and Study the Reactivity of Carbonyl group

In this paper, new diazahomoadamantane was prepared by condensation of cyclic ketone (cyclododecanone) with 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.4.1.13,8]dodecane and acetic acid in 2-propanol gave new diazahomoadamantanone (13,16-diazatetracyclo-[9.6.1.11,13.111,16]eicosan-18-one) by Mannich,s reaction. Also were studied the reactivity of carbonyl group with various chemical agents like ( NaBH4 , H2N-NH2.H2O and NH2-OH.HCl). A simplified procedure was developed for the synthesis of 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo [4.4.1.13,8]dodecane from condensation of ethane-1,2-diamine with paraform (Type A) in a very good yield. This new compound was characterized by FT-IR, Mass spectrum, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy method

THE PHENOMENON OF POLITICAL HUMOR IN THE KVN TV-SHOW ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

The article suggests the definition of political humor as based on the stereotypes optimization tool of communication about the political situation in the country and key figures on its political arena. The participants of this communication can be political subjects and their audience and also citizens themselves. Based on the content analysis of the KVN (Club of cheerful and resourceful) games was made a conclusion about the censoring political humor according to the aims of government propaganda; it was revealed that in the political humor of the KVN they actively use the manipulative methods; it was proved that political humor which made V. V. Putin a hero and discredits those disliked by the government political figures and ideas of other countries in the mass consciousness. As a result it provides the support of the internal policy of Russia by the population and at the same time it fixes prejudiced attitude to everything «foreign» in the society

Genome editing using CRISPR/ Cas9 system: a practical guide

Over the past few years, the CRISPR/Cas techniques have become a revolution in genome editing. Since the original paper on CRIPSR/Cas9 genome editing, researches have proposed numerous modifications of the key components of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to make it extremely efficient. Nowadays, CRISPR/Cas systems can be used not only to modify genomes, but also to control expression levels of defined genes, visualize loci of interest in the space of living cell nuclei, change methylation status of mammalian CpG sites, and to serve many other purposes. Due to an extremely high efficacy and ease of usage, the CRISPR/ Cas system has been employed in a large number of studies in various areas of biology and biotechnology. We have recently published a review describing various CRISPR/Cas systems, mechanisms of their functioning, and applications of the techniques in details. Despite the broad range of potential applications of CRISPR/Cas systems, they are mostly used for genome editing. And, however simple the system may be, there is a number of potential pitfalls on the way towards its use in CRISPR/Cas- naïve laboratory settings. In this article, we describe protocols of CRISPR/Cas9 system generation. We start with a short description of theoretical aspects underlying Cas9-mediated genome editing. Next, we describe a step-by-step protocol of guide RNA vector design and assembly, and several ways of qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the system. Finally, we report protocols of genome editing for modification of embryonic stem cells and zygotes

A hypomorphic mutation in the mouse Csn1s1 gene generated by CRISPR/Cas9 pronuclear microinjection

Caseins are major milk proteins that have an evolutionarily conserved role in nutrition. Sequence variations in the casein genes affect milk composition in livestock species. Regulatory elements of the casein genes could be used to direct the expression of desired transgenes into the milk of transgenic animals. Dozens of casein alleles have been identified for goats, cows, sheep, camels and horses, and these sequence variants are associated with altered gene expression and milk protein content. Most of the known mutations affecting casein genes’ expression are located in the promoter and 3’-untranslated regions. We performed pronuclear microinjections with Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA against the first coding exon of the mouse Csn1s1 gene to introduce random mutations in the α-casein (Csn1s1) signal peptide sequence at the beginning of the mouse gene. Sanger sequencing of the founder mice identified 40 mutations. As expected, mutations clustered around the sgRNA cut site (3 bp from PAM). Most of the mutations represented small deletions (1–10 bp), but we detected several larger deletions as well (100–300 bp). Functionally most mutations led to gene knockout due to a frameshift or a start codon loss. Some of the mutations represented in-frame indels in the first coding exon. Of these, we describe a novel hypomorphic Csn1s1 (Csn1s1c.4-5insTCC) allele. We measured Csn1s1 protein levels and confirmed that the mutation has a negative effect on milk composition, which shows a 50 % reduction in gene expression and a 40–80 % decrease in Csn1s1 protein amount, compared to the wild-type allele. We assumed that mutation affected transcript stability or splicing by an unknown mechanism. This mutation can potentially serve as a genetic marker for low Csn1s1 expression

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ СЕСТРИНСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА ПРИ СИНДРОМЕ ДАУНА У НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ

Nursing process arrangement for infants with Down’s syndrome requires nonroutine solutions when nurse’s professional capacity criterion is her psychological and pedagogical preparation, personality traits favoring the real communication with children and parents, vision of the future and a desire to find a way out of the impasse. Nursing process for infants with Down’s syndrome is put into effect in an extreme stress situation with a time limit on making a decision about whether to take a child in a family or to give it up, while it is also important that the nursing process as a method of consequent systematic professional nursing in corpore. A description of all stages of the nursing process for infants with Down’s syndrome is given, a map of each nursing process stage is made, a typology of psychological adaptation of mothers having given birth to children with perinatal pathology is given, recommendations on psychological aid for mothers of the infants with Down’s syndrome on the basis of the 4 aforementioned types of adaptation to an existing situation are structured.Организация сестринского процесса при синдроме Дауна у новорожденных требует нестандартных решений, когда критерием профессиональной компетентности медицинской сестры становятся ее психолого-педагогическая подготовка, наличие личностных качеств, способствующих подлинной коммуникации в общении с детьми и родителями, видение будущего и желание найти выход из безвыходной ситуации. Сестринский процесс с новорожденными с синдромом Дауна осуществляется в экстремальной стрессовой ситуации при лимите времени для принятия решения об отказе или принятии ребенка в семью, при этом важно, чтобы сестринский процесс как метод последовательного систематического осуществления медицинской сестрой профессионального ухода осуществлялся в полном объеме. В статье представлено описание всех этапов сестринского процесса с новорожденными с синдромом Дауна, составлена карта-схема каждого этапа сестринского процесса, дана типология психологической адаптации матерей, родивших ребенка с перинатальной патологией, а также структурированы рекомендации по психологической помощи матерям новорожденных с синдромом Дауна на основе описанных четырех типов адаптации к сложившейся ситуации