434 research outputs found
EISCAT and Cluster observations in the vicinity of the dynamical polar cap boundary
The dynamics of the polar cap boundary and auroral oval in the nightside ionosphere are studied during late expansion and recovery of a substorm from the region between TromsΓΈ (66.6&deg; cgmLat) and Longyearbyen (75.2&deg; cgmLat) on 27 February 2004 by using the coordinated EISCAT incoherent scatter radar, MIRACLE magnetometer and Cluster satellite measurements. During the late substorm expansion/early recovery phase, the polar cap boundary (PCB) made zig-zag-type motion with amplitude of 2.5&deg; cgmLat and period of about 30 min near magnetic midnight. We suggest that the poleward motions of the PCB were produced by bursts of enhanced reconnection at the near-Earth neutral line (NENL). The subsequent equatorward motions of the PCB would then represent the recovery of the merging line towards the equilibrium state (Cowley and Lockwood, 1992). The observed bursts of enhanced westward electrojet just equatorward of the polar cap boundary during poleward expansions were produced plausibly by particles accelerated in the vicinity of the neutral line and thus lend evidence to the Cowley-Lockwood paradigm. <br><br> During the substorm recovery phase, the footpoints of the Cluster satellites at a geocentric distance of 4.4 <I>R<sub>E</sub></I> mapped in the vicinity of EISCAT measurements. Cluster data indicate that outflow of H<sup>+</sup> and O<sup>+</sup> ions took place within the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) as noted in some earlier studies as well. We show that in this case the PSBL corresponded to a region of enhanced electron temperature in the ionospheric F region. It is suggested that the ion outflow originates from the F region as a result of increased ambipolar diffusion. At higher altitudes, the ions could be further energized by waves, which at Cluster altitudes were observed as BBELF (broad band extra low frequency) fluctuations. <br><br> The four-satellite configuration of Cluster revealed a sudden poleward expansion of the PSBL by 2&deg; during ~5 min. The beginning of the poleward motion of the PCB was associated with an intensification of the downward FAC at the boundary. We suggest that the downward FAC sheet at the PCB is the high-altitude counterpart of the Earthward flowing FAC produced in the vicinity of the magnetotail neutral line by the Hall effect (Sonnerup, 1979) during a short-lived reconnection pulse
MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING AND RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article reviews the aspects of management decision-making in the digital economy and as a consequence the possibility of timely and qualitative response to emerging risks in the process of management decision-making. This issue is considered from the position of influence on management decision-making both internal and external factors of the operation of the company has been considered. Therefore, the topic under consideration is relevant, since the issue of digitalization with a large coverage extends in all areas and spheres of our life and as a result should cover more the possibility of improving the quality of management decision-making, but is it so
ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅
Authors have studied the antitumor efficacy of contact radiation therapy (CRT) in combination with a chlorin-based photosensitizer (PS) in an experiment on laboratory animals with transplanted tumors. The experimental study was performed in 50 white outbred rats weighing 250Β±50 g. Subcutaneously transplanted Pliss lymphosarcoma (PLS) and alveolar liver cancer RS1 (RS1) were used as tumor models. Chlorinbased PS photolon (RUE Β«BelmedpreparatyΒ», Republic Belarus) was injected intravenously at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. The radiation sessions were carried out 2.5β4 hours (depending on the tumor model) after the administration of the PS using the device Β«microSelectron HDR V3 DigitalΒ» (Β«NucletronΒ», Netherlands) with a 192-Ir radiation source in single focal doses 5 and 10 Gy. All laboratory animals (for PLS and RS1) were subdivided into 5 groups of 5 animals each: intact control, CRT 5 Gy, CRT 10 Gy, PS + CRT 5 Gy, PS + CRT 10 Gy. For the PLS tumor model β on the 14th day from the beginning of the experiment Vav. in groups were 26.31Β±5.81; 22.45Β±6.97; 18.99Β±4.86; 10.75Β±5.18 and 28.06Β±2.85 cm3, respectively (pΛ0.05). The coefficients of tumor growth inhibition in the experimental groups were 14.67%, 27.82%, 59.14% and 6.65%, respectively. The frequency of complete tumor regressions 60 days after the start of the experiment was 0%, 20%, 20%, 60%, and 20%, respectively. On RS1 tumor model β on the 14th day from the beginning of the experiment Vav. in groups were 4.48Β±1.03; 0.80Β±0.21; 0.29Β±0.09; 0.19Β±0.07 and 0.32Β±0.08 cm3, respectively (p=0.009). The coefficients of tumor growth inhibition in the experimental groups were 82.14%, 93.53%, 95.76% and 92.86%, respectively. The frequency of complete tumor regressions 60 days after the start of the experiment was 0%, 0%, 20%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Systemic administration of chlorin-based PS before the CRT session increases the antitumor efficacy of radiation therapy in animals with transplantable tumors of different histological structure and growth patterns. The data obtained indicate that further studies of the radiosensitizing properties of PS are promising.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠΠ’) Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ (Π€Π‘) Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° 50 Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
(Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΡ) Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° 250Β±50 Π³. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ° (ΠΠ‘Π) ΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π Π‘ (Π Π‘1), ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ. Π€Π‘ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ (Π Π£Π Β«ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΒ», ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ) Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 2,5 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°. Π‘Π΅Π°Π½Ρ ΠΠΠ’ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 2,5 β 4 Ρ (Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ) ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π€Π‘ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Β«microSelectron HDR V3 DigitalΒ» (Β«NucletronΒ», ΠΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄Ρ) Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 192βIr Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
(Π ΠΠ) 5 ΠΈ 10 ΠΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ‘Π, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅ Ρ Π Π‘1, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° 5 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΏΠΎ 5 ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ: ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΠΠ’ Π ΠΠ 5 ΠΡ, ΠΠΠ’ Π ΠΠ 10 ΠΡ, Π€Π‘ + ΠΠΠ’ Π ΠΠ 5ΠΡ, Π€Π‘ + ΠΠΠ’ Π ΠΠ 10 ΠΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΠ‘Π Π½Π° 14βΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ (VΡΡ ) Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 26,31Β±5,81; 22,45Β±6,97; 18,99Β±4,86; 10,75Β±5,18 ΠΈ 28,06Β±2,85 ΡΠΌ3, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ (ΡΛ0,05). ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ (Π’Π Π) Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 14,67%; 27,82%; 59,14% ΠΈ - 6,65%, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 60 ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 0%, 20%, 20%, 60% ΠΈ 20%, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π Π‘1 Π½Π° 14βΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ VΡΡ . Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 4,48Β±1,03; 0,80Β±0,21; 0,29Β±0,09; 0,19Β±0,07 ΠΈ 0,32Β±0,08 ΡΠΌ3, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ (Ρ=0,009). ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π’Π Π Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 82,14%; 93,53%; 95,76% ΠΈ 92,86%, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 60 ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 0%, 0%, 20%, 0% ΠΈ 0%, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π€Π‘ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ’ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π€Π‘
A reaction-diffusion model for the growth of avascular tumor
A nutrient-limited model for avascular cancer growth including cell
proliferation, motility and death is presented. The model qualitatively
reproduces commonly observed morphologies for primary tumors, and the simulated
patterns are characterized by its gyration radius, total number of cancer
cells, and number of cells on tumor periphery. These very distinct
morphological patterns follow Gompertz growth curves, but exhibit different
scaling laws for their surfaces. Also, the simulated tumors incorporate a
spatial structure composed of a central necrotic core, an inner rim of
quiescent cells and a narrow outer shell of proliferating cells in agreement
with biological data. Finally, our results indicate that the competition for
nutrients among normal and cancer cells may be a determinant factor in
generating papillary tumor morphology.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, to appear in PR
Light Element Evolution and Cosmic Ray Energetics
Using cosmic-ray energetics as a discriminator, we investigate evolutionary
models of LiBeB. We employ a Monte Carlo code which incorporates the delayed
mixing into the ISM both of the synthesized Fe, due to its incorporation into
high velocity dust grains, and of the cosmic-ray produced LiBeB, due to the
transport of the cosmic rays. We normalize the LiBeB production to the integral
energy imparted to cosmic rays per supernova. Models in which the cosmic rays
are accelerated mainly out of the average ISM significantly under predict the
measured Be abundance of the early Galaxy, the increase in [O/Fe] with
decreasing [Fe/H] notwithstanding. We suggest that this increase could be due
to the delayed mixing of the Fe. But, if the cosmic-ray metals are accelerated
out of supernova ejecta enriched superbubbles, the measured Be abundances are
consistent with a cosmic-ray acceleration efficiency that is in very good
agreement with the current epoch data. We also find that neither the above
cosmic-ray origin models nor a model employing low energy cosmic rays
originating from the supernovae of only very massive progenitors can account
for the Li data at values of [Fe/H] below 2.Comment: latex 19 pages, 2 tables, 10 eps figures, uses aastex.cls natbib.sty
Submitted to the Astrophysical Journa
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Relevance. Chronic critical ischemia of the lower extremities (CCILE) in the stage of trophic complications is the final stage of diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities, leading to disability of patients and having a poor prognosis in terms of preservation of the lower extremities and mortality.Aim of study. Objective assessment of the efficacy of lower limb revascularization in trophic disorders.Material and methods. The analysis of treatment of 52 patients with stage IV CCILE (according to the classification of R. Fontaine and A.V. Pokrovsky) was carried out. Of these, 42 patients underwent three-phase scintigraphy combined with X-ray computed angiography on a hybrid apparatus. After the operation, this study was conducted in 37 patients.Results. Out of 52 patients, surgery for revascularization of the lower extremities was performed in 37 patients, 15 were not operated on. Out of 37 operated patients, improvement of blood circulation occurred in 32 (86.5%). Circulatory decompensation was observed in 5 patients (9.7%). Among non-operated patients, improvement of blood circulation occurred in 9 patients (17.3%), no effect or decompensation β in 5 (9.7%). Subjective improvement in the condition and decrease in the degree of ischemia corresponded to the improvement of microcirculation according to the data of three-phase scintigraphy.Conclusion.1. Revascularization of the lower extremities in patients with trophic disorders is an effective method of treating this pathology. Therefore, all patients with chronic ischemia threatening limb loss should be considered as candidates for revascularization.2. If the leg arteries or short occlusive or stenotic lesions of the main arteries are affected, such patients should be discussed together with specialists in endovascular surgery for endovascular treatment or joint intervention.3. Hybrid radiation method (three-phase scintigraphy and single-photon emission computed tomography, combined with X-ray computed angiography) is an objective method that reflects the state of peripheral circulation and microcirculation, and allows you to objectively assess the effectiveness of the treatment.ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π₯ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ (Π₯ΠΠΠΠ) Π² ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 52 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π₯ΠΠΠΠ IV ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ (ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ R. Fontaine ΠΈ Π.Π. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ). ΠΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
42 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ 37 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ· 52 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° 37 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ 15. ΠΠ· 37 ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Ρ 32 (86,5%). ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ 5 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (9,7%). Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Ρ 9 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (17,3%), ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ β Ρ 5 (9,7%). Π‘ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.1. Π Π΅Π²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.2. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ.3. ΠΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ (ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π₯ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
The review presents an analysis of relevant literature on the surgical treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Modern methods of surgical intervention for varicose veins are considered: open operations, methods of thermal ablation of the main veins, non-thermal non-tumescent methods, vein-preserving surgery (ASVAL), methods of treating reflux in perforating veins and recurrent varicose veins. The effectiveness of each of the surgical treatment methods used was analyzed. The frequency of relapses and the likelihood of complications of the described operations are considered. All surgical treatment methods presented in the review were developed on the basis of modern ideas about the pathogenesis of varicose veins, the mechanisms of formation of chronic venous insufficiency, and have an evidence base. These techniques are reflected in the latest clinical guidelines and are widely used in medical practice.Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ: ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π½, Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ (ASVAL), ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π°Π·Ρ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅
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