PERBEDAAN KADAR KALSIUM DARAH PADA ATLET PANJAT TEBING DAN BUKAN ATLET DI KOTA DENPASAR: DIFFERENCE IN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS IN ATHLETES ROCK CLIMBING AND NOT ATHLETES IN DENPASAR CITY

ABSTRAK Pendahuluan Cabang olahraga yang ditekuni atlet menentukan tingkat aktivitas fisiknya. Kebutuhan kalsium meningkat terutama pada individu yang melakukan aktivitas fisik (olahraga) yang cukup dan jenis olahraga yang dapat meningkatkan densitas tulang. Jenis olahraga yang dapat mempengaruhi kadar kalsium darah adalah olahraga yang membuat tubuh bekerja melawan gravitasi contohnya seperti olahraga panjat tebing. Tujuan Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui  perbedaan kadar kalsium darah pada atlet panjat tebing dan bukan atlet di Kota Denpasar. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 15 orang atlet panjat tebing dan 15 orang mahasiswa STIKes Wira Medika Bali serta lingkungan sekitarnya. Hasil Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pada responden atlet panjat tebing memiliki kadar kalsium darah normal sebanyak 15 orang (100%) sedangkan pada responden bukan atlet memiliki kadar kalsium darah normal sebanyak 14 orang ( 93.3%) dan kadar kalsium darah rendah sebanyak 1 orang (6.7%). Diskusi Hal tersebut dikaitkan dengan aktivitas fisik yang terstruktur dilakukan responden atlet panjat tebing dibandingkan dengan responden bukan atlet yang jarang melakukan aktifitas fisik. Simpulan Berdasarkan hasil uji Independent Sampel T-Test diperoleh p value sebesar 0.000 dimana p < 0.005 yang berarti H0 ditolakdan Ha diterima yaitu ada perbedaan kadar kalsium darah pada atlet panjat tebing dan bukan atlet di Kota Denpasar. Saran untuk responden bukan atlet memperhatikan pola makan dan aktifitas fisik untuk mencegah osteoporosis di masa tua.  Kata kunci : Kadar Kalsium Darah, Atlet panjat tebing, Bukan atlet.             ABSTRACT Introduction Athletic sports branches determine the level of physical activity. The need for calcium is increased especially in individuals who have sufficient physical activity (sports) and sports that can increase bone density. The type of exercise that can affect blood calcium levels is a sport that makes the body work against gravity such as rock climbing exercise. Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the difference of blood calcium levels in athletes rock climbing and not athletes in Denpasar City. Method This research use cross sectional approach. The sample used as many as 15 people climbing athletes and 15 students STIKes Wira Medika Bali and the surrounding environment. Result The results of this study showed that athletes climbing rock climbs have normal blood calcium levels of 15 people (100%) whereas in non-athlete respondents have normal blood calcium levels as many as 14 people (93.3%) and low blood calcium levels of 1 person (6.7 %). Discuss It is associated with the physical activity of the athletes who are structured rock climbing compared with non-athletes who rarely do physical activity. Conclusion Based on the results of the Independent Samples T-Test obtained p value of 0.000 where p <0.005 which means H0 rejected and Ha accepted that there is a difference in blood calcium levels in athletes rock climbing and not athletes in Denpasar City. Suggestions for non-athlete responders pay attention to diet and physical activity to prevent osteoporosis in old age. Keywords: Blood Calcium Level, Climbing Athlete, Not athlete

High Myostatin Serum Related with High Prevalence of Sarcopenia Among Elderly Population in Pedawa Village, Bali, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is defined as a decrease in muscle mass accompanied by a decrease in muscle strength and performance. Sarcopenia arises from the disruption of the complex balance between anabolic and catabolic factors. Myostatin strongly influences muscle growth inhibition. Deletion and function loss of myostatin causes hyperplasia and skeletal muscle hypertrophy.METHODS: This study was an analytical cross-sectional study. Seventy respondents aged ≥60 years in Pedawa Village, Bali, Indonesia were selected by using the stratified random sampling technique. Sarcopenia status was assessed according to Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria, including muscle mass, grip strength, and walking speed. While the myostatin serum levels was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: The incidence of sarcopenia in the elderly was 45 people (64.3%). Based on the analysis, there was a significant difference between myostatin levels in sarcopenia subjects (47.59 ng/mL) and non-sarcopenia subjects (39.7 ng/mL). Based on the statistical calculations, it was determined that the cut-off range of myostatin levels was 48.91 ng/mL. The prevalence ratio of sarcopenia incidence based on the myostatin levels in the elderly was 3.84, while based on the combination of age risk and myostatin levels was 9.75.CONCLUSION: Based of the data, there are significant differences of myostatin level between elderly people with and without sarcopenia. The prevalence of high myostatin levels in elderly is almost 4 times higher than low myostatin levels in the elderly.KEYWORDS: myostatin, sarcopenia, elderl

Perbedaan Gambaran Histopatologi Granuloma Paru Mencit Setelah Diinfeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dan atau Intervensi Silika

The characteristics of lung tuberculosis is granuloma, which is consisted of lymphocytes andmacrophages that show the interaction between immune cells and M.tb. Granuloma is the organizationprocess which is depend on lymphocytes invasion, adhesion molecules and chemokine fasilitation. Silicosiswhich is caused by silica, can influence granuloma in the lung. The features of granuloma is variationdepend on the elicited agent and immune reaction. The main purpose of this study was to prove thehistopathology differences of mice lung granuloma caused by M.tb infection, silica intervention and bothin 3th and 7th weeks. It was 45 mice Balb-c strain, divided into 3 groups; P1 got M.tb infection with H37Rvstrain 105 perml,P2 got silica intervention with 60 micro litre and, P3 got both of M.tb infection and silica intervention. Termination of each group were held on 3 and 7 weeks of intervention, continued byhistopathology examination. In the histopathology feature, we done semi-quantitative prosedure to measurelung damage by using Dormans scores; perivasculitis, peribronchiolitis, alveolitis and granuloma. Oneway anova to analysis the differences of histopathologycal result among these groups (P< 0,05). Resultshowed the significant differences among these group. In the 3th weeks, we found mild lung damage werehappened in all groups with granuloma, without necrosic (P1 and P2). In the 7th weeks we found severe lungdamage in P3 with necrotic and fibrotic granuloma sign, with necrosis in P1, with fibrotic in P2. Weconcluded the worst lung damage happened in 7th weeks in group which are got M.tb infection and silicaintervention, with granuloma characterictic of necrosic and fibrotic

PERANAN KEDOKTERAN WISATA DALAM UPAYA PENCEGAHAN DAN PENALATALAKSANAAN MALARIA PADA KEHAMILAN

Malaria adalah  penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh Plasmodium, ditularkan oleh nyamuk Anopheles betina. Peningkatan jumlah wisatawan yang bepergian ke daerah tropis, termasuk ibu hamil, meningkatkan insiden malaria pada kehamilan.Malaria pada kehamilan dapat meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu dan janin. Berbagai macam komplikasi yang dapat ditimbulkan antara lain malaria serebral, hipoglikemia, gagal ginjal akut, anemia, edema paru, syok, infeksi bakteria sekunder, dan insufisiensi plasenta yang dapat mengakibatkan retardasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin, abortus, bayi lahir berat badan rendah, malaria kongenital, atau bayi lahir mati. Terdapat kesulitan dalam pemberian obat anti malaria (OAM) pada ibu hamil karena terbatasnya data penggunaan beberapa obat pada ibu hamil, resistensi obat, dan efek teratogenik obat terhadap janin.Klorokuin aman untuk semua trimester namun angka resistensi terhadap obat ini tinggi.Kuinin dan Artemisinin-Combination Therapy (ACT) adalah obat yang direkomendasikan untuk ibu hamil.Mengingat komplikasi yang dapat ditimbulkan, maka sangat penting dilakukan pencegahan agar wanita hamil terhindar dari infeksi malaria. Edukasi untuk menghindar dari gigitan nyamuk dan penggunaan kemoprofilaksis harus diberikan  saat ibu hamil melakukan konsultasi pre-travel.      </p

Serum Hepcidin Level in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) during The Treatment Phase: Their Effects on Erythropoisis Activity and Iron Reserves

Hepcidin levels increased significantly with increased of iron stores in early phase of acute leukemia patients when erithropoisis pressed by blast cells in bone marrow, then decreased significantly with acute leukemia remission. The study aimed to determine role of hepcidin in activity of erythropoisis and serum iron reserves in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients during phase of therapy. This study used an observational analytic design. Serum hepcidin examination used ELISA methods. Erythropoisis activity was determined by complete blood and reticulocyte percentage. Iron reserves was determined by serum iron and ferritin levels by ECLIA. Result shows a total of 48 patient subjects were divided into groups of induction, consolidation and maintenance phase with an average age of 6.81 years (induction), 9.7 years (consolidation) and 7.8 years (maintenance). In the normality test with Shapiro-Wilk data showed abnormal distribution (p <0.05). Analysis by the Kruskal-Wallis test showed there were differences between the three treatment phases in the examination of hemoglobin, reticulocytes, serum iron, ferritin and hepcidin (p <0.05). In statistical analysis with Spearman's rank correlation shows there is a significant correlation between hemoglobin with ferritin (r = - 0.416, p = 0.003), hemoglobin with hepcidin (r = -0.305, p = 0.035), reticulocytes with hepcidin (r = -0.496), p = 0.000) and serum iron with hepcidin (r = -0.302, p = 0.037). We concluded that the higher levels of hepcidin indicate lower levels of hemoglobin, reticulocytes and serum iron in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during treatment phase

Effectiveness of HSV-tk suicide gene therapy driven by the Grp78 stress-inducible promoter in esophagogastric junction and gastric adenocarcinomas

The thymidine kinase gene of the herpes simplex virus (HSV-tk) is a suicide gene when administrated with the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV). This study investigated the effectiveness of HSV-tk activation as gene therapy for gastroesophageal junction and gastric adenocarcinomas using either the stress-inducible Grp78 promoter or the murine leukemia virus long-terminal repeat (LTR) promoter. The HSV-tk gene, controlled by either the Grp78 promoter or the LTR promoter, was transduced into the gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma cell line SK-GT-5 and the gastric adenocarcinoma cell line MKN-74. Cell viability after exposure to varying concentrations of GCV was compared. The same cell lines were used to develop a nude mouse model for studies of the HSV-tk/GCV effect in vivo. The effect of intraperitoneal GCV injection on growth of the subcutaneous tumors was measured. HSV-TK expression was measured by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability in vitro was significantly lower in the HSV-tk expressing (HSV-tk+) cells compared to control (no HSV-tk) cells after exposure to GCV. MKN-74tk+ cells were more sensitive to GCV killing than SK-GT-5tk+ cells. After culture with 1 microg/ml GCV for 10 days, MKN-74/tk cells were totally killed, whereas most SK-GT-5/tk cells survived. Cell viability was significantly lower under glucose starvation conditions when HSV-tk expression was regulated by the Grp78 promoter compared with the LTR promoter. MKN-74 tumors formed with HSV-tk+ cells in nude mice were eliminated after administration of GCV for 3 weeks, but GCV had no effect on tumors formed from HSV-tk- cells. Eradication of tumor formed with Grp78-tk cells was faster than that with LTR-tk cells. HSV-TK protein and mRNA were expressed in the transduced, but not the non-transduced tumors. HSV-tk xwith ganciclovir suicide gene therapy results in significant cell killing in gastroesophageal junction and gastric adenocarcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo, but complete tumor elimination only occurred with the gastric adenocarcinoma cell tumors. The most effective approach in this study used the Grp78 promoter in glucose-starvation stress conditions

Serum Hepcidin Level in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) during The Treatment Phase: Their Effects on Erythropoisis Activity and Iron Reserves

Hepcidin levels increased significantly with increased of iron stores in early phase of acute leukemia patients when erithropoisis pressed by blast cells in bone marrow, then decreased significantly with acute leukemia remission. The study aimed to determine role of hepcidin in activity of erythropoisis and serum iron reserves in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients during phase of therapy. This study used an observational analytic design. Serum hepcidin examination used ELISA methods. Erythropoisis activity was determined by complete blood and reticulocyte percentage. Iron reserves was determined by serum iron and ferritin levels by ECLIA. Result shows a total of 48 patient subjects were divided into groups of induction, consolidation and maintenance phase with an average age of 6.81 years (induction), 9.7 years (consolidation) and 7.8 years (maintenance). In the normality test with Shapiro-Wilk data showed abnormal distribution (p <0.05). Analysis by the Kruskal-Wallis test showed there were differences between the three treatment phases in the examination of hemoglobin, reticulocytes, serum iron, ferritin and hepcidin (p <0.05). In statistical analysis with Spearman's rank correlation shows there is a significant correlation between hemoglobin with ferritin (r = -0.416, p = 0.003), hemoglobin with hepcidin (r = -0.305, p = 0.035), reticulocytes with hepcidin (r = -0.496), p = 0.000) and serum iron with hepcidin (r = -0.302, p = 0.037). We concluded that the higher levels of hepcidin indicate lower levels of hemoglobin, reticulocytes and serum iron in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during treatment phase

Perbedaan Gambaran Histopatologi Granuloma Paru Mencit Setelah Diinfeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dan atau Intervensi Silika (THE INFLUENCES OF TIME IN THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF LUNG GRANULOMA IN MICE AFTER INFECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AND SILI

The characteristics of lung tuberculosis is granuloma, which is consisted of lymphocytes andmacrophages that show the interaction between immune cells and M.tb. Granuloma is the organizationprocess which is depend on lymphocytes invasion, adhesion molecules and chemokine fasilitation. Silicosiswhich is caused by silica, can influence granuloma in the lung. The features of granuloma is variationdepend on the elicited agent and immune reaction. The main purpose of this study was to prove thehistopathology differences of  mice lung granuloma caused by M.tb infection,  silica intervention and bothin 3th  and 7th weeks. It was 45 mice Balb-c strain, divided into 3 groups;  P1 got  M.tb infection with H37Rvstrain 105  perml,P2 got silica intervention with 60 micro litre and, P3 got both of M.tb infection and  silica intervention. Termination of each group were held on 3 and 7 weeks of intervention, continued byhistopathology examination. In the histopathology feature, we done semi-quantitative prosedure to measurelung damage by using Dormans scores; perivasculitis, peribronchiolitis, alveolitis and granuloma. Oneway anova to analysis the differences of histopathologycal result among these groups (P&lt; 0,05).  Resultshowed the significant differences  among these group.  In the 3th weeks, we found  mild lung damage werehappened in all groups with granuloma, without necrosic (P1 and P2). In the 7th weeks we found  severe lungdamage in P3 with necrotic and fibrotic granuloma sign, with necrosis in P1, with fibrotic in P2.  Weconcluded the worst lung damage happened in 7th weeks in group which are got M.tb infection and silicaintervention, with granuloma characterictic of necrosic and fibrotic