A finite strain fibre-reinforced viscoelasto-viscoplastic model of plant cell wall growth

A finite strain fibre-reinforced viscoelasto-viscoplastic model implemented in a finite element (FE) analysis is presented to study the expansive growth of plant cell walls. Three components of the deformation of growing cell wall, i.e. elasticity, viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity-like growth, are modelled within a consistent framework aiming to present an integrative growth model. The two aspects of growth—turgor-driven creep and new material deposition—and the interplay between them are considered by presenting a yield function, flow rule and hardening law. A fibre-reinforcement formulation is used to account for the role of cellulose microfibrils in the anisotropic growth. Mechanisms in in vivo growth are taken into account to represent the corresponding biologycontrolled behaviour of a cell wall. A viscoelastic formulation is proposed to capture the viscoelastic response in the cell wall. The proposed constitutive model provides a unique framework for modelling both the in vivo growth of cell wall dominated by viscoplasticity-like behaviour and in vitro deformation dominated by elastic or viscoelastic responses. A numerical scheme is devised, and FE case studies are reported and compared with experimental data

THE INFLUENCE OF AWARENESS OF PATIENTS WITH POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS ABOUT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE FRAX 10-YEAR ABSOLUTE RISK OF FRACTURE ON THE DECISION TO START AND THE ADHERENCE TO ANTIOSTEOPOROTIC TREATMENT (INTERIM RESULTS OF «CRYSTAL» STUDY)

To assess the influence of informing patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis about the their probability of 10-year absolute fracture risk calculated by FRAX tool on the patient ’s decision to start treatment and their adherence to therapy during 3 years of follow-up. Materials and Methods. Multicenter open randomized trial included 417 women (mean age 65.9 years). Patients of the 1 group (n=191) were informed about the value of their absolute risk of fracture by FRAX. Patients of the 2 group (the control; n=196) got usual advice and recommendations without calculating FRAX. All patients were recommended to take alendronate in a standard dose (70 mg a week) and calcium/vitamin D supplements. Results. During the first three months after initial visit 96.4% of patients started their treatment. The adherence to treatment at sixth month was 7% higher in the group 1; the compliance in the group 1 was 8% higher, than in the control group. 6.4% of patients developed adverse drug reactions, which led to cancellation of therapy in only 2.9% of patients