5,189 research outputs found
Temperature and light requirements for growth of two diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from an Arctic macroalga
In the present study, two abundant epiphyticdiatom taxa were isolated from the assimilation hairs ofthe brown macroalga Chordaria flagelliformis collected inthe Arctic Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen, Norway), establishedas unialgal cultures and their growth rates determinedunder controlled photon fluence rate andtemperature conditions. Using morphological (light andscanning electron microscopy) and SSU rRNA gene databoth isolates (ROS D99 and ROS D125) were identifiedas members of a FragilariaSynedropsis clade. Themolecular data of ROS D99 and ROS D125 were notidentical to any other published sequence. While ROSD99 has been identified as Fragilaria barbararum mainlydue to the SEM characteristics, ROS D125 could not bedefinitely identified although morphological data speakfor Fragilaria striatula. Both diatom species showedsimilar growth rates at all temperatures and photon fluencerates tested. They grew well between 0 and 15Cwithoptimum temperatures of 1214C, but did not survive20C. Therefore, compared to Antarctic diatoms bothtaxa from Kongsfjorden can be characterised as eurythermalorganisms. Increasing photon fluence rates between2 and 15 lmol m2 s1 were accompanied with analmost twofold increase in growth rates, but photon fluencerates >15 lmol m2 s1 did not further enhancegrowth pointing to low light requirements. From thesedata optimum, minimum and maximum photon fluencerates and temperatures for growth can be assessed indicatingthat both diatoms are well acclimated to the fluctuatingenvironmental conditions in the Arctic habitat
Basin structure of optimization based state and parameter estimation
Most data based state and parameter estimation methods require suitable
initial values or guesses to achieve convergence to the desired solution, which
typically is a global minimum of some cost function. Unfortunately, however,
other stable solutions (e.g., local minima) may exist and provide suboptimal or
even wrong estimates. Here we demonstrate for a 9-dimensional Lorenz-96 model
how to characterize the basin size of the global minimum when applying some
particular optimization based estimation algorithm. We compare three different
strategies for generating suitable initial guesses and we investigate the
dependence of the solution on the given trajectory segment (underlying the
measured time series). To address the question of how many state variables have
to be measured for optimal performance, different types of multivariate time
series are considered consisting of 1, 2, or 3 variables. Based on these time
series the local observability of state variables and parameters of the
Lorenz-96 model is investigated and confirmed using delay coordinates. This
result is in good agreement with the observation that correct state and
parameter estimation results are obtained if the optimization algorithm is
initialized with initial guesses close to the true solution. In contrast,
initialization with other exact solutions of the model equations (different
from the true solution used to generate the time series) typically fails, i.e.
the optimization procedure ends up in local minima different from the true
solution. Initialization using random values in a box around the attractor
exhibits success rates depending on the number of observables and the available
time series (trajectory segment).Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure
Manifestation of New Interference Effects in Superconductor/Ferromagnet Spin Valve
Superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) spin valve effect theories based on the S/F
proximity phenomenon assume that the superconducting transition temperature Tc
of F1/F2/S or F1/S/F2 trilayers for parallel magnetizations of the F1- and
F2-layers (TcP) are smaller than for the antiparallel orientations (TcAP).
Here, we report for CoOx/Fe1/Cu/Fe2/In multilayered systems with varying
Fe2-layer thickness the sign-changing oscillating behavior of the spin valve
effect \Delta Tc=TcAP-TcP. Our measurements revealed the full direct spin valve
effect with TcAP>TcP for Fe2-layer thickness dFe2<1 nm and the full inverse
(TcAP=1 nm. Interference of Cooper pair wave
functions reflected from both surfaces of the Fe2-layer appear as the most
probable reason for the observed behavior of \Delta Tc.Comment: Accepted for publication in PR
Increasing the performance of the superconducting spin valve using a Heusler alloy
We have studied superconducting properties of the spin-valve thin layer
heterostructures CoO/F1/Cu/F2/Cu/Pb where the ferromagnetic F1 layer was
standardly made of Permalloy whereas for the F2 layer we have taken a specially
prepared film of the Heusler alloy CoCrFeAl with a small degree
of spin polarization of the conduction band. The heterostructures demonstrate a
significant superconducting spin-valve effect, i.e. a complete switching on and
off of the superconducting current flowing through the system by manipulating
the mutual orientations of the magnetization of the F1 and F2 layers. The
magnitude of the effect is doubled in comparison with the previously studied
analogous multilayers with the F2 layer made of the strong ferromagnet Fe.
Theoretical analysis shows that a drastic enhancement of the switching effect
is due to a smaller exchange field in the heterostructure coming from the
Heusler film as compared to Fe. This enables to approach almost ideal
theoretical magnitude of the switching in the Heusler-based multilayer with the
F2 layer thickness of \,nm
Double photoemission from Ag and Pd surfaces: Energy relations
We have investigated the electron pair emission due to single-photon absorption from Ag(100) and Pd(100) surfaces. We are interested in the energy spectra of pairs in particular near the energy cutoff. The sum energy spectra of Ag display a distinctive photon energy dependence. We also observe some fine structure. Near the high-energy cutoff the coincidence rate is too low to determine the energy position of the cutoff. Nevertheless we observe a finite signal if two 5sp electrons near the Fermi level are emitted. For Pd(100) we find sum energy spectra without fine structure and the cutoff region is approached linearly. Within the experimental accuracy the minimum energy to liberate two electrons is twice the work function
Full spin switch effect for the superconducting current in a superconductor/ferromagnet thin film heterostructure
Superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) proximity effect theory predicts that the
superconducting critical temperature of the F1/F2/S or F1/S/F2 trilayers for
the parallel orientation of the F1 and F2 magnetizations is smaller than for
the antiparallel one. This suggests a possibility of a controlled switching
between the superconducting and normal states in the S layer. Here, using the
spin switch design F1/F2/S theoretically proposed by Oh et al. [Appl. Phys.
Lett. 71, 2376 (1997)], that comprises a ferromagnetic bilayer separated by a
non-magnetic metallic spacer layer as a ferromagnetic component, and an
ordinary superconductor as the second interface component, we have successfully
realized a full spin switch effect for the superconducting current.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Directional Roll-up of Nanomembranes Mediated by Wrinkling
We investigate the relaxation of rectangular wrinkled thin films
intrinsically containing an initial strain gradient. A preferential rolling
direction, depending on wrinkle geometry and strain gradient, is theoretically
predicted and experimentally verified. In contrast to typical rolled-up
nanomembranes, which bend perpendicular to the longer edge of rectangular
patterns, we find a regime where rolling parallel to the long edge of the
wrinkled film is favorable. A non-uniform radius of the rolled-up film is well
reproduced by elasticity theory and simulations of the film relaxation using a
finite element method.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Orbital order in La0.5Sr1.5MnO4: beyond a common local Jahn-Teller picture
The standard way to find the orbital occupation of Jahn-Teller (JT) ions is
to use structural data, with the assumption of a one-to-one correspondence
between the orbital occupation and the associated JT distortion, e.g. in O6
octahedron. We show, however, that this approach in principle does not work for
layered systems. Specifically, using the layered manganite La0.5Sr1.5MnO4 as an
example, we found from our x-ray absorption measurements and theoretical
calculations, that the type of orbital ordering strongly contradicts the
standard local distortion approach for the Mn3+O6 octahedra, and that the
generally ignored long-range crystal field effect and anisotropic hopping
integrals are actually crucial to determine the orbital occupation. Our
findings may open a pathway to control of the orbital state in multilayer
systems and thus of their physical properties.Comment: 4+ pages, 4 figure
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