Strafvorderlijke gegevensverwerking

As a result of society’s increasing digitisation, the police have ever more opportunities to collect, investigate and combine huge amounts of personal data using advanced technology. Examples are provided from recent cases where police have gained access to millions of encrypted messages from various servers, including Ennetcom, EncroChat and Sky Global. However, the current legal framework is, as yet, ill-equipped to deal with this new reality. Partly for this reason, legislators are facing new questions about how the (further) processing of data in detection should be regulated by law. Commissioned by the WODC, this study examines the legal safeguards in criminal justice data collection in relation to the legal safeguards governing the processing of these data. The Code of Criminal Procedure mainly focuses on the collection of data and to a much lesser extent on its further use, but this may involve a (fresh) invasion of citizens’ privacy. The Police Data Act contains some provisions to data processing, but the relationship with the Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure is not entirely clear. This study identifies the requirements and safeguards under European law for the processing of data for criminal justice purposes. Further inspiration is drawn from experience with the Intelligence and Security Services Act 2017 in which powers of collection and (further) processing are regulated in a single law. Finally, it explores how, in several countries (Germany, Belgium and Norway), the requirements arising from European law have been translated into legal regulations and how these regulations are designed. This study provides tools that legislators can use to reconsider the methods of standardisation and legal regulation design to better protect citizens' privacy. The recommendations thus focus on strengthening the legal framework on data processing and its supervision by creating an explicit legal framework in the Code of Criminal Procedure and establishing an independent supervisor focused on the processing of personal data by investigative authorities

Strafvorderlijke gegevensverwerking

As a result of society’s increasing digitisation, the police have ever more opportunities to collect, investigate and combine huge amounts of personal data using advanced technology. Examples are provided from recent cases where police have gained access to millions of encrypted messages from various servers, including Ennetcom, EncroChat and Sky Global. However, the current legal framework is, as yet, ill-equipped to deal with this new reality. Partly for this reason, legislators are facing new questions about how the (further) processing of data in detection should be regulated by law. Commissioned by the WODC, this study examines the legal safeguards in criminal justice data collection in relation to the legal safeguards governing the processing of these data. The Code of Criminal Procedure mainly focuses on the collection of data and to a much lesser extent on its further use, but this may involve a (fresh) invasion of citizens’ privacy. The Police Data Act contains some provisions to data processing, but the relationship with the Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure is not entirely clear. This study identifies the requirements and safeguards under European law for the processing of data for criminal justice purposes. Further inspiration is drawn from experience with the Intelligence and Security Services Act 2017 in which powers of collection and (further) processing are regulated in a single law. Finally, it explores how, in several countries (Germany, Belgium and Norway), the requirements arising from European law have been translated into legal regulations and how these regulations are designed. This study provides tools that legislators can use to reconsider the methods of standardisation and legal regulation design to better protect citizens' privacy. The recommendations thus focus on strengthening the legal framework on data processing and its supervision by creating an explicit legal framework in the Code of Criminal Procedure and establishing an independent supervisor focused on the processing of personal data by investigative authorities

Quitting is not an option: An analysis of online diet talk between celiac disease patients

This is an empirical study of the way in which celiac disease patients manage the risk of gluten intake in their everyday life. The article examines naturally occurring conversational data in order to study how patients cope interactionally with constantly being at risk in their day-to-day living. They reject quitting the diet as a valid option, and instead construct a ‘diet world’ in which dietary transgression is presented as an integrated part of everyday life. In this way, patients can manage occasional diet lapses without putting the validity of the diet itself at stake. By examining how the gluten-free diet is treated in interaction, we find out more about the pre-existing everyday strategies that have to be taken into account when new therapies are being introduced

Natural Food. Organizing 'Responsiveness' in Responsible Innovation of Food Technology

Responsible innovation requires mutual responsiveness between various stakeholders around technological innovation. But in public engagement exercises, concerns about ethical, cultural and political impacts are too easily set aside, so that no one is actually encouraged to discuss responsibilities for these impacts. A typical example in the field of food innovation is the consumer’s recurring concern for natural food. In discussions, both consumers and engineers tend to consider the meaning of naturalness as subjective and private. In this chapter, we present an interdisciplinary design tool for public engagement that is more hospitable to such concerns, based on the discursive action method and techno-ethical imagination. We describe the advancements we made and the obstacles we faced when applying this tool in two dialogue workshops on novel foods and naturalness.keywordsresponsivenessfood technologynaturalnesssoft concernsstakeholder dialogueconversation analysistechno-ethical imagination

Informative Inventory Report 2018 ; Emissions of transboundary air pollutants in the Netherlands 1990-2016

Decrease in ammonia emissions; entire time series adjusted downwards. With a total 127.4 Gg in 2016, slightly more ammonia was emitted than in 2015 and the ceiling set by the European Union was met (128 kilotons). The increase in ammonia emissions was mainly caused by an increase in the number of dairy cows. This increase in emissions was partly countered by an increase in low-emission housing systems for pigs and poultry. The total ammonia emissions for the period between 1990 and 2015 have been adjusted downwards. This is because of new insights gained into several emission factors that have been used to calculate emissions. These new insights are: the new digestibility of feed (pasture, fodder and silage) for dairy cows causes lower total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) levels in the manure; the emission factor for the surface application of manure has decreased and different digestibilities are used for the periods cows spend in animal houses and grazing, respectively. However, this decrease in ammonia emission is partly countered by new insights into the emission factors from two low-emission manure application techniques. Decrease in nitrogen oxide emissions; yet the entire time series adjusted significantly upwards. Emissions of nitrogen oxides continue to decrease slightly; the Netherlands is, therefore, complying with the emission ceilings set in this regard. The total nitrogen oxides emissions for the period between 1990 and 2015 were adjusted significantly upwards by 29.2 Gg in 2015 as result of the new emission source crop residues applied to soil and the reallocation of the nitrogen oxide emissions from several (agricultural) sources, from the memo-category 11C to the agriculture sector. Emissions of sulphur dioxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds continue to decrease slightly; which means the Netherlands is complying with the emission ceilings set in this regard. Besides the substances mentioned above, the report also includes emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. The emissions of most of these substances decreased during the 1990 - 2016 period. This downward trend may, especially, be attributed to cleaner fuels, cleaner car engines and to emission reductions in industry as a whole. This report is concluded by the Informative Inventory Report 2018, drawn up by RIVM and partner institutes, which collaborate to analyse and report emission data each year. This is obligatory for member states. The analyses are used to support Dutch policy.De uitstoot van ammoniak is in 2016 gestegen ten opzichte van 2015 en ligt met 127,4 kiloton onder het maximum dat vanuit Europa voor Nederland is bepaald. De toename wordt vooral veroorzaakt doordat er meer melk- en kalfkoeien gehouden worden. De toename wordt voor een deel afgezwakt door een gemiddeld lagere uitstoot als gevolg van schonere stalsystemen. De berekeningen voor de ammoniakemissie uit de landbouw zijn complex omdat veel factoren er invloed op hebben. Dat zijn bijvoorbeeld de diersoort, de leeftijdscategorie, de huisvesting en de wijze waarop de mest op het land wordt gebruikt. Nieuwe inzichten in deze emissiefactoren zorgen ervoor dat de totale uitstoot van ammoniak tussen 1990 en 2015 met terugwerkende kracht over de gehele linie naar beneden is bijgesteld. Zo blijkt de mate waarin rundveevoer wordt verteerd, voor een lagere hoeveelheid ammoniakaal stikstof (TAN) in de rundveemest te zorgen dan eerder was berekend. Daardoor komt er minder ammoniak vrij als de mest op het land wordt gebruikt. Binnen de gestelde periode waren een paar veranderingen te zien als gevolg van de nieuwe inzichten. Zo is de emissiefactor voor bovengrond gebruik van mest naar beneden bijgesteld, waardoor de uitstoot in de eerste helft van de jaren negentig omlaag is gegaan. Daar staat tegenover dat de emissiefactoren voor een aantal emissiearme manieren van mest op het land verspreiden (uitrijden), hoger zijn geworden. Desondanks blijft het emissiearme uitrijden van mest nog altijd een effectieve maatregel om de uitstoot van ammoniak zoveel mogelijk te beperken. De uitstoot van stikstofoxiden, zwaveldioxiden en niet-methaan vluchtige organische stoffen blijven net als in voorgaande jaren licht dalen. Voor deze stoffen blijft Nederland voldoen aan de gestelde 'plafonds'. Ook is de uitstoot van koolmonoxide, fijnstof, zware metalen en persistente organische stoffen tussen 1990 en 2016 bijna zonder uitzondering gedaald. Dit komt vooral door schonere brandstoffen, schonere automotoren en door emissiebeperkende maatregelen in de industrie, met apparatuur om stof, stikstofdioxide en zwaveldioxide af te vangen. Dit en meer blijkt uit de Informative Inventory Report (IIR) 2018. Het RIVM analyseert en rapporteert hierin jaarlijks met diverse partnerinstituten de uitstoot van stoffen. Lidstaten van de Europese Unie zijn hiertoe verplicht. Nederland gebruikt de analyses om beleid te onderbouwen.Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Managemen

Informative Inventory Report 2018 ; Emissions of transboundary air pollutants in the Netherlands 1990-2016

Decrease in ammonia emissions; entire time series adjusted downwards. With a total 127.4 Gg in 2016, slightly more ammonia was emitted than in 2015 and the ceiling set by the European Union was met (128 kilotons). The increase in ammonia emissions was mainly caused by an increase in the number of dairy cows. This increase in emissions was partly countered by an increase in low-emission housing systems for pigs and poultry. The total ammonia emissions for the period between 1990 and 2015 have been adjusted downwards. This is because of new insights gained into several emission factors that have been used to calculate emissions. These new insights are: the new digestibility of feed (pasture, fodder and silage) for dairy cows causes lower total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) levels in the manure; the emission factor for the surface application of manure has decreased and different digestibilities are used for the periods cows spend in animal houses and grazing, respectively. However, this decrease in ammonia emission is partly countered by new insights into the emission factors from two low-emission manure application techniques. Decrease in nitrogen oxide emissions; yet the entire time series adjusted significantly upwards. Emissions of nitrogen oxides continue to decrease slightly; the Netherlands is, therefore, complying with the emission ceilings set in this regard. The total nitrogen oxides emissions for the period between 1990 and 2015 were adjusted significantly upwards by 29.2 Gg in 2015 as result of the new emission source crop residues applied to soil and the reallocation of the nitrogen oxide emissions from several (agricultural) sources, from the memo-category 11C to the agriculture sector. Emissions of sulphur dioxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds continue to decrease slightly; which means the Netherlands is complying with the emission ceilings set in this regard. Besides the substances mentioned above, the report also includes emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. The emissions of most of these substances decreased during the 1990 - 2016 period. This downward trend may, especially, be attributed to cleaner fuels, cleaner car engines and to emission reductions in industry as a whole. This report is concluded by the Informative Inventory Report 2018, drawn up by RIVM and partner institutes, which collaborate to analyse and report emission data each year. This is obligatory for member states. The analyses are used to support Dutch policy

Balancing Selection of the Intracellular Pathogen Response in Natural Caenorhabditis elegans Populations.

Genetic variation in host populations may lead to differential viral susceptibilities. Here, we investigate the role of natural genetic variation in the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR), an important antiviral pathway in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans against Orsay virus (OrV). The IPR involves transcriptional activity of 80 genes including the pals-genes. We examine the genetic variation in the pals-family for traces of selection and explore the molecular and phenotypic effects of having distinct pals-gene alleles. Genetic analysis of 330 global C. elegans strains reveals that genetic diversity within the IPR-related pals-genes can be categorized in a few haplotypes worldwide. Importantly, two key IPR regulators, pals-22 and pals-25, are in a genomic region carrying signatures of balancing selection, suggesting that different evolutionary strategies exist in IPR regulation. We infected eleven C. elegans strains that represent three distinct pals-22 pals-25 haplotypes with Orsay virus to determine their susceptibility. For two of these strains, N2 and CB4856, the transcriptional response to infection was also measured. The results indicate that pals-22 pals-25 haplotype shapes the defense against OrV and host genetic variation can result in constitutive activation of IPR genes. Our work presents evidence for balancing genetic selection of immunity genes in C. elegans and provides a novel perspective on the functional diversity that can develop within a main antiviral response in natural host populations