СЕЛЕКТИВНОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ МАССОВОЙ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ ДИОКСИДА ХЛОРА В ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ВЫБРОСАХ МЕТОДОМ КАПИЛЛЯРНОГО ЭЛЕКТРОФОРЕЗА

The task of the selective determination of chlorine dioxide in gas environments, including the emissions from the pulp and paper mills, is relevant and in demand. Current article presents a brief review of the existing methods and procedures for measuring the chlorine dioxide in liquid and gas environments, and identifies the problems in controlling the chlorine dioxide in industrial emissions from the pulp and paper production due to the influence of the related substances: molecular chlorine, hydrochloride, hydrochlorate and sulfur dioxide. As a result, to achieve the required selectivity of the chlorine dioxide determination, the procedure for its preliminary oxidation with the hydrogen peroxide to the chlorite-ion was developed, followed by the measuring of its mass concentration by the capillary electrophoresis. The conditions of sampling, all stages of sample preparation and measurements on the instrument were optimized. Based on the experimental studies, a method for measuring the chlorine dioxide in the industrial emissions in the form of chlorite ion in the range from 0.025 to 0.3 mg/m3 with an expanded uncertainty of 25% has been developed. The contributions of the components of uncertainties affecting the measurement result were summarized in the budget of the uncertainties prepared during the metrological certification of the measurement procedure. The developed method is more selective and reliable in comparison to the traditional methods (“wet chemistry”) used for the measuring of the chlorine dioxide in industrial emissions.Key words: chlorine dioxide, chlorite-ion, capillary electrophoresis, measurement techniques, industrial emissionsDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.2.006(Russian)Irina B. Maksakova, Lydmila V. Eliseeva, Marina M. Bezruchko, Anatoliy I. Krylov D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM), Moskovskii pr., 19,Saint-Petersburg, 190005, Russian FederationЗадача селективного определения диоксида хлора в газовых средах, включая выбросы целлюлозно-бумажных производств (ЦБП), актуальна и востребована. В статье представлен краткий обзор существующих методов и методик измерений диоксида хлора в жидких и газовых средах, выявлены проблемы контроля диоксида хлора в промышленных выбросах ЦБП, обусловленные влиянием сопутствующих веществ: молекулярный хлор, гидрохлорид, гидрохлорат и диоксид серы. В результате для достижения необходимой селективности определения диоксида хлора отработана процедура его предварительного окисления пероксидом водорода до хлорит-иона с последующим измерением его массовой концентрации методом капиллярного электрофореза. Оптимизированы условия пробоотбора, всех стадий пробоподготовки и выполнения измерений на приборе. На основе проведенных экспериментальных исследований разработана методика измерений диоксида хлора в промышленных выбросах в виде хлорит-иона в диапазоне от 0.025 до 0.3 мг/м3 при расширенной неопределенности 25 %. Вклады составляющих неопределенностей, оказывающих влияние на результат измерений суммированы в бюджете неопределенностей, подготовленном при метрологической аттестации методики измерений. Разработанная методика является более селективной и достоверной в сравнении с используемыми традиционными методами («мокрой химии») измерений диоксида хлора в промышленных выбросах.Ключевые слова: диоксид хлора, хлорит-ион, капиллярный электрофорез, методики измерений, промышленные выбросыDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.2.00

Drawing with shear as an effective method of the control of the structure and the properties for low-carbon steel

Technology of drawing with shear has been developed for manufacturing of low-carbon steel wire without annealing. It has been established that a specific feature of the presented technology is a reduction of the structure anisotropy and an increase in the plasticity resource. This effect is associated with shear that forces a change of the metal flow direction.Розроблено технологію волочіння зі зсувом для виготовлення дроту з низьковуглецевої сталі без відпалу. Встановлено, що особливістю запропонованої технології є зниження анізотропії структури та збільшення ресурсу пластичності. Цей ефект пов’язаний зі зсувною деформацією, яка викликає зміну напрямку течії металу.Разработана технология волочения со сдвигом для изготовления проволоки из малоуглеродистой стали без отжига. Установлено, что особенностью предлагаемой технологии являются снижение анизотропии структуры и увеличение ресурса пластичности. Этот эффект связан со сдвиговой деформацией, которая вызывает изменение направления течения металла

О разработке референтной методики для обеспечения прослеживаемости измерений ртути в газовых средах

To certify gas mixtures in the range of low (10-3-10-8 g/m3) mercury concentrations, we have proposed and tested a traceable method for measuring the mass concentration of mercury in gaseous media by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). The proposed method is based on a scheme that provides for the mass spectrometer calibration for saturated vapors (physical constant) of pure metallic mercury, dosed directly into the carrier gas stream - argon. The undoubted advantage of this method is its applicability to various gases and gas mixtures, which allows you to simulate any matrix medium that affects the measurement results of mercury content when analyzed by other methods. On this basis, «Methods of measuring the mass concentration of mercury in binary gas mixtures by ICP/MS» were developed and certified. The measurement range of mercury mass concentration is from 0,03 to 1000 pg/m3, the relative expanded uncertainty of measurements U- 4 %.Для аттестации газовых смесей в диапазоне низких (.10-3-10-8 г/м3) концентраций ртути нами разработан и апробирован обеспеченный прослеживаемостью способ измерений массовой концентрации ртути в газовых средах методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой (ИСП/МС). В основу предлагаемого способа положена схема, предусматривающая градуировку масс-спектрометра по насыщенным парам (физическая константа) чистой металлической ртути, дозируемым напрямую в поток газа-носителя - аргона для плазмы. Несомненным преимуществом данного способа является его применимость к различным газам и газовым смесям, что позволяет имитировать любую матричную среду, влияющую на результаты измерений содержания ртути при анализе другими методами. На этой основе разработана и аттестована «Методика измерений массовой концентрации ртути в бинарных газовых смесях методом ИСП/МС». Диапазон измерений массовой концентрации ртути от 0,03 до 1000 мкг/м3, относительная расширенная неопределенность измерений U- 4 %

Genome-Wide Assessments Reveal Extremely High Levels of Polymorphism of Two Active Families of Mouse Endogenous Retroviral Elements

Endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs) in mice are significant genomic mutagens, causing ∼10% of all reported spontaneous germ line mutations in laboratory strains. The majority of these mutations are due to insertions of two high copy ERV families, the IAP and ETn/MusD elements. This significant level of ongoing retrotranspositional activity suggests that inbred mice are highly variable in content of these two ERV groups. However, no comprehensive genome-wide studies have been performed to assess their level of polymorphism. Here we compared three test strains, for which sufficient genomic sequence is available, to each other and to the reference C57BL/6J genome and detected very high levels of insertional polymorphism for both ERV families, with an estimated false discovery rate of only 0.4%. Specifically, we found that at least 60% of IAP and 25% of ETn/MusD elements detected in any strain are absent in one or more of the other three strains. The polymorphic nature of a set of 40 ETn/MusD elements found within gene introns was confirmed using genomic PCR on DNA from a panel of mouse strains. For some cases, we detected gene-splicing abnormalities involving the ERV and obtained additional evidence for decreased gene expression in strains carrying the insertion. In total, we identified nearly 700 polymorphic IAP or ETn/MusD ERVs or solitary LTRs that reside in gene introns, providing potential candidates that may contribute to gene expression differences among strains. These extreme levels of polymorphism suggest that ERV insertions play a significant role in genetic drift of mouse lines

Genome-Wide Assessments Reveal Extremely High Levels of Polymorphism of Two Active Families of Mouse Endogenous Retroviral Elements

Endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs) in mice are significant genomic mutagens, causing ∼10% of all reported spontaneous germ line mutations in laboratory strains. The majority of these mutations are due to insertions of two high copy ERV families, the IAP and ETn/MusD elements. This significant level of ongoing retrotranspositional activity suggests that inbred mice are highly variable in content of these two ERV groups. However, no comprehensive genome-wide studies have been performed to assess their level of polymorphism. Here we compared three test strains, for which sufficient genomic sequence is available, to each other and to the reference C57BL/6J genome and detected very high levels of insertional polymorphism for both ERV families, with an estimated false discovery rate of only 0.4%. Specifically, we found that at least 60% of IAP and 25% of ETn/MusD elements detected in any strain are absent in one or more of the other three strains. The polymorphic nature of a set of 40 ETn/MusD elements found within gene introns was confirmed using genomic PCR on DNA from a panel of mouse strains. For some cases, we detected gene-splicing abnormalities involving the ERV and obtained additional evidence for decreased gene expression in strains carrying the insertion. In total, we identified nearly 700 polymorphic IAP or ETn/MusD ERVs or solitary LTRs that reside in gene introns, providing potential candidates that may contribute to gene expression differences among strains. These extreme levels of polymorphism suggest that ERV insertions play a significant role in genetic drift of mouse lines

Mutation of Rubie, a Novel Long Non-Coding RNA Located Upstream of Bmp4, Causes Vestibular Malformation in Mice

Background: The vestibular apparatus of the vertebrate inner ear uses three fluid-filled semicircular canals to sense angular acceleration of the head. Malformation of these canals disrupts the sense of balance and frequently causes circling behavior in mice. The Epistatic circler (Ecl) is a complex mutant derived from wildtype SWR/J and C57L/J mice. Ecl circling has been shown to result from the epistatic interaction of an SWR-derived locus on chromosome 14 and a C57L-derived locus on chromosome 4, but the causative genes have not been previously identified. Methodology/Principal Findings: We developed a mouse chromosome substitution strain (CSS-14) that carries an SWR/J chromosome 14 on a C57BL/10J genetic background and, like Ecl, exhibits circling behavior due to lateral semicircular canal malformation. We utilized CSS-14 to identify the chromosome 14 Ecl gene by positional cloning. Our candidate interval is located upstream of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) and contains an inner ear-specific, long non-coding RNA that we have designated Rubie (RNA upstream of Bmp4 expressed in inner ear). Rubie is spliced and polyadenylated, and is expressed in developing semicircular canals. However, we discovered that the SWR/J allele of Rubie is disrupted by an intronic endogenous retrovirus that causes aberrant splicing and premature polyadenylation of the transcript. Rubie lies in the conserved gene desert upstream of Bmp4, within a region previously shown to be important for inner ear expression of Bmp4. We found that the expression patterns of Bmp4 and Rubie are nearly identical in developing inner ears

CLINICAL TRIAL OF THE PANDEMIC INFLUENZA MONOVALENT VACCINE PANDEFLU

Abstract. Evaluation of reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity of the inactivated subunit influenza vaccine adsorbed monovalent (Pandeflu) on the base of strain A/California/7/2009 (H1N1v) was conducted in 70 volunteers aged 18–60 years immunized by one or two doses. A clinical trial of the vaccine Pandeflu was conducted in the St.Petersburg Institute of Influenza. The study group included 38 women (54,3%) and 32 men (45,7%). The average age of women was 38.2 years, men — 26.9 years, mean age of all volunteers was equal to 31.7 years. This group of volunteers was randomized in 2 subgroups. The first subgroup of 50 volunteers was vaccinated with Pandeflu, but the second one of 20 volunteers was given a placebo. The strong and moderate local and systemic reactions were not observed. All local (6 volunteers) and systemic (6 volunteers) reactions were recorded after ithout any medical care. It proves the good tolerability and low reactogenicity of vaccine Pandeflu. Indicators of clinical and biochemical blood tests, a general analysis of urine during the study period were within normal limits. In the study of the immunogenicity it has been shown that after a single injection of vaccine the first vaccination. All these reactions were mild and transient and disappeared wPandeflu the seroconversion rate reached 68%, but the level of seroprotection was 52%. The multiplication factor of the geometric mean antibody titer increase in serum reached a value of 5.8. Conducting of immunization with two doses of vaccine with the interval of 28 days increases the immunogenicity: the level of seroconversion rate increases up to 96%, but the level of seroprotection – up to 74%, seroconversion factor – up to 10.8. These data confirm high immunogenic potential vaccine in case of single dose as well as double doses administration

Defending the genome from the enemy within:mechanisms of retrotransposon suppression in the mouse germline

The viability of any species requires that the genome is kept stable as it is transmitted from generation to generation by the germ cells. One of the challenges to transgenerational genome stability is the potential mutagenic activity of transposable genetic elements, particularly retrotransposons. There are many different types of retrotransposon in mammalian genomes, and these target different points in germline development to amplify and integrate into new genomic locations. Germ cells, and their pluripotent developmental precursors, have evolved a variety of genome defence mechanisms that suppress retrotransposon activity and maintain genome stability across the generations. Here, we review recent advances in understanding how retrotransposon activity is suppressed in the mammalian germline, how genes involved in germline genome defence mechanisms are regulated, and the consequences of mutating these genome defence genes for the developing germline

Epigenetic Regulation of a Murine Retrotransposon by a Dual Histone Modification Mark

Large fractions of eukaryotic genomes contain repetitive sequences of which the vast majority is derived from transposable elements (TEs). In order to inactivate those potentially harmful elements, host organisms silence TEs via methylation of transposon DNA and packaging into chromatin associated with repressive histone marks. The contribution of individual histone modifications in this process is not completely resolved. Therefore, we aimed to define the role of reversible histone acetylation, a modification commonly associated with transcriptional activity, in transcriptional regulation of murine TEs. We surveyed histone acetylation patterns and expression levels of ten different murine TEs in mouse fibroblasts with altered histone acetylation levels, which was achieved via chemical HDAC inhibition with trichostatin A (TSA), or genetic inactivation of the major deacetylase HDAC1. We found that one LTR retrotransposon family encompassing virus-like 30S elements (VL30) showed significant histone H3 hyperacetylation and strong transcriptional activation in response to TSA treatment. Analysis of VL30 transcripts revealed that increased VL30 transcription is due to enhanced expression of a limited number of genomic elements, with one locus being particularly responsive to HDAC inhibition. Importantly, transcriptional induction of VL30 was entirely dependent on the activation of MAP kinase pathways, resulting in serine 10 phosphorylation at histone H3. Stimulation of MAP kinase cascades together with HDAC inhibition led to simultaneous phosphorylation and acetylation (phosphoacetylation) of histone H3 at the VL30 regulatory region. The presence of the phosphoacetylation mark at VL30 LTRs was linked with full transcriptional activation of the mobile element. Our data indicate that the activity of different TEs is controlled by distinct chromatin modifications. We show that activation of a specific mobile element is linked to a dual epigenetic mark and propose a model whereby phosphoacetylation of histone H3 is crucial for full transcriptional activation of VL30 elements