A Review on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer as Wrapping Structures For Pipeline

To maintain the continuous product flow in the pipe, the durability of the pipe structure is achieved through pipe insulation. The composite material will be used as the main material, since it may have the combined characteristics of the constituents or have substantially different properties than the individual constituents. Replacing the damaged pipe with a new one will not only consume high cost but also will create a complication for product flow. As to alleviate such situations this research focusses on using the carbon fiber as the wrapping material. To identify the suitable design and optimization of laminated carbon fiber on piping systems, the defect, leakage and imperfection on pipe should be identified. The effect of different laminate optimization through Classical Laminate Theory CLT and experimental data too need to be considered as it changes the mechanical properties of the composite material. The microstructure of the composite too will be validated as an extra reference for the theoretical and experimental data on its effect in the microstructure after the loadin

A Review on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer as Wrapping Structures For Pipeline

To maintain the continuous product flow in the pipe, the durability of the pipe structure is achieved through pipe insulation. The composite material will be used as the main material, since it may have the combined characteristics of the constituents or have substantially different properties than the individual constituents. Replacing the damaged pipe with a new one will not only consume high cost but also will create a complication for product flow. As to alleviate such situations this research focusses on using the carbon fiber as the wrapping material. To identify the suitable design and optimization of laminated carbon fiber on piping systems, the defect, leakage and imperfection on pipe should be identified. The effect of different laminate optimization through Classical Laminate Theory CLT and experimental data too need to be considered as it changes the mechanical properties of the composite material. The microstructure of the composite too will be validated as an extra reference for the theoretical and experimental data on its effect in the microstructure after the loadin

Evolution of plasticity-based wear damage in gross sliding fretting of a Ti-6Al-4V non-conforming contact

This paper examines the evidence for a plasticity based wear mechanism in the fretting wear of Ti-6Al-4V. Driven by near-surface plastic strain accumulation, the generation of wear debris evolves from coarse metallic debris towards loose fine oxide debris generating W-shape wear scar. The overall wear effect however, is less pronounced at the later stages of wear due to a reduced propensity for plastic deformation in the contact associated with wear induced contact pressure reduction. The evidence suggests that the high wear rate at the early stages of a fretting test are due to debris = generation associated with gross plasticity whilst at the later stages, lower wear is associated with less plasticity accumulation

Quantum control of 88^{88}Sr+^+ in a miniature linear Paul trap

We report on the construction and characterization of an apparatus for quantum information experiments using $^{88}$Sr$^+$ ions. A miniature linear radio-frequency (rf) Paul trap was designed and built. Trap frequencies above 1 MHz in all directions are obtained with 50 V on the trap end-caps and less than 1 W of rf power. We encode a quantum bit (qubit) in the two spin states of the $S_{1/2}$ electronic ground-state of the ion. We constructed all the necessary laser sources for laser cooling and full coherent manipulation of the ions' external and internal states. Oscillating magnetic fields are used for coherent spin rotations. High-fidelity readout as well as a coherence time of 2.5 ms are demonstrated. Following resolved sideband cooling the average axial vibrational quanta of a single trapped ion is $\bar n=0.05$ and a heating rate of $\dot{\bar n}=0.016$ ms$^{-1}$ is measured.Comment: 8 pages,9 figure

Bile Sensing: The Activation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Virulence

Bacteria must develop resistance to various inhospitable conditions in order to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract. Bile, which is secreted by the liver, and plays an important role in food digestion also has antimicrobial properties and is able to disrupt cellular homeostasis. Paradoxically, although bile is one of the guts defenses, many studies have reported that bacteria such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus can sense bile and use its presence as an environmental cue to upregulate virulence genes during infection. This article aims to discuss how bile is detected by V. parahaemolyticus and its role in regulating type III secretion system 2 leading to human infection. This bile–bacteria interaction pathway gives us a clearer understanding of the biochemical and structural analysis of the bacterial receptors involved in mediating a response to bile salts which appear to be a significant environmental cue during initiation of an infection