UPAYA PEMERINTAH AMERIKA SERIKAT DALAM PENGURANGAN TINGKAT EMISI GLOBAL (STUDI KASUS COPENHAGEN ACCORD 2009)

ABSTRAK UPAYA PEMERINTAH AMERIKA SERIKAT DALAM PENGURANGAN TINGKAT EMISI GLOBAL (STUDI KASUS COPENHAGEN ACCORD 2009) Oleh : I WAYAN JABA HENDRA FERYANA 151080338 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji upaya yang dilakukan Amerika Serikat dalam mengatasi isu perubahan iklim global khususnya dalam Pertemuan Para Pihak (COP ke-15) UNFCCC di Kopenhagen, Denmark. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif, yaitu analisis yang didasarkan pada data-data yang ada dan relevan, serta dijelaskan secara diskriptif. Teori utama yang diambil yaitu, teori sistem politik dan konsep diplomasi lingkungan. Adapun teknik negosiasi dan teknik lobi yang mendukung dalam penjelasan skripsi ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dua hal yakni, menambah dan memperluas wawasan tentang perundingan lingkungan hidup dan untuk mengetahui upaya yang dilakukan Amerika Serikat dalam Pertemuan Para Pihak (COP ke-15) UNFCCC di Kopenhagen, Denmark tahun 2009. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa Amerika Serikat berupaya membuat keputusan yang sepihak ke dalam draft Copenhagen Accord yang terdiri dari 12 butir kesepakatan dengan negosiasi 28 negara secara tertutup. Amerika Serikat juga berkoalisi dalam negosiasi puncak dengan negara BASIC secara terpisah. Upaya ini dilakukan agar dapat tercapai sebuah keputusan di (COP ke-15) UNFCCC di Kopenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen Accord (CA) yang panjangnya 3 halaman terdiri atas 12 butir pernyataan, yang dilengkapi dengan 2 lampiran (appendix), yaitu lampiran satu berupa tabel berjudul Quantified economy-wide emission targets for 2020 dan lampiran dua berjudul Nationnally appropriate mitigation actions of developing country parties. Kata kunci: pertemuan COP Ke-15, sistem politik, diplomasi lingkungan, Copenhagen Accord (CA

Odour-mediated orientation of beetles is influenced by age, sex and morph

The behaviour of insects is dictated by a combination of factors and may vary considerably between individuals, but small insects are often considered en masse and thus these differences can be overlooked. For example, the cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus F. exists naturally in two adult forms: the active (flight) form for dispersal, and the inactive (flightless), more fecund but shorter-lived form. Given that these morphs show dissimilar biology, it is possible that they differ in odour-mediated orientation and yet studies of this species frequently neglect to distinguish morph type, or are carried out only on the inactive morph. Along with sex and age of individual, adult morph could be an important variable determining the biology of this and similar species, informing studies on evolution, ecology and pest management. We used an olfactometer with motion-tracking to investigate whether the olfactory behaviour and orientation of C. maculatus towards infested and uninfested cowpeas and a plant-derived repellent compound, methyl salicylate, differed between morphs or sexes. We found significant differences between the behaviour of male and female beetles and beetles of different ages, as well as interactive effects of sex, morph and age, in response to both host and repellent odours. This study demonstrates that behavioural experiments on insects should control for sex and age, while also considering differences between adult morphs where present in insect species. This finding has broad implications for fundamental entomological research, particularly when exploring the relationships between physiology, behaviour and evolutionary biology, and the application of crop protection strategies

The statistical assessment of financial distress risk in the case of metallurgical companies

The erosion of both the position and the financial performance of companies usually occurs in times of financial crisis, leading to the incidence of the financial distress. The purpose of this study was twofold: firstly, to estimate the time-to-failure for companies in the metallurgic sector differentiated by sub-sectors and secondly, to estimate the influence of the factors that lead to the risk of financial distress. Survival analysis was applied with the aim to estimate the time-to-failure after the crisis and the influence of determinant factors on the financial distress risk. The results of this study were obtained on a sample of 248 companies. They showed that steel production sub-sector is the most sensitive to the occurrence of financial distress risk