4 research outputs found
A Longitudinal Analysis of Vocabulary Changes in Social Media
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this recordThe vocabulary size of a language indicates the evolution of the language. The way people use their vocabulary in social media has changed, especially with the appearance of pictorial representations of ideas (e.g., emojis, memes). The adoption of emojis in the last few years motivated us to look into possible effects on vocabulary sizes in social media and maybe understand a little more about language evolution. In this paper, we do a longitudinal analysis of the vocabulary size used in social media for 14 different cities in the USA for a period of 2010–2015. We are especially interested in the relationship between vocabulary and education attainment. We computed the size of the vocabulary for each of the cities over time and compared that to the emoji usage for the same period. We found that emoji usage increases with time. Interestingly, the average size of the vocabulary behaves erratically with increases in the first two years, then reductions from 2012–2014, and then increases again in 2015. We investigated two factors that could be related to such pattern in vocabulary usage: (i) increase of reliance on emojis instead of words, which is negatively correlated with the growth of the vocabulary; (ii) increase the educational attainment, which shows a positive correlation with the increase of vocabulary for a specific time and place.Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MoHESR, Iraq)Northern Technical UniversityUniversity of Mosu
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Energy savings and thermal comfort in a zero energy office building with fans in Singapore
Elevated air movement produced by fans can offset air-conditioning energy requirements by allowing temperature setpoints to be raised without compromising thermal comfort. These advantages are even greater in hot and humid climates that inherently have large and sustained indoor cooling requirements. Few studies have assessed the in-situ benefits of fans in actual buildings. We installed ceiling and desk fans into a Zero Energy office building (675 m2) in Singapore. Across an 11-week period, 35 occupants alternated between two conditions (no fan vs. fan): 24 °C setpoint with fans off, and 26.5 °C setpoint with fans on. When the temperature setpoint was raised and elevated air movement was provided, a 32% energy reduction was obtained. The energy savings accrued without any negative impacts occurring on thermal satisfaction. Overcooling caused by thermal preference to slightly warmer and warmer conditions was substantially reduced from 33 to 9%. No changes in perceived air-staleness or self-reported alertness and ability to concentrate occurred either, indicating parity across the no fan and fan conditions. Although occupants primarily relied on ceiling fans at the 26.5 °C setpoint, they were by default on at the beginning of each day, giving less incentive to use the desk fans. Our study took place in a high-performance Zero Energy building, whereby thermal dissatisfaction was already low (7%). Therefore, notable changes did not occur, but significant improvements to thermal comfort could still occur in buildings that are unable to maintain high levels of thermal satisfaction