Measures of nondeterminism for pushdown automata

Two measures of nondeterminism are introduced and used for classification of context-free languages (CFLs). Three families of CFLs covering the whole set of CFLs are considered

The development of small-scale irregularities in the ionosphere disturbed by powerful oblique HF radio waves

It is shown that small-scale artificial turbulence develops in the middle latitude ionosphere due to disturbance by a powerful oblique high frequency radio wave. The conclusion is based on experimental data obtained by the method of the aspect-sensitive scattering of the HF wave from inhomogeneities with scales of l⊥∼12 m transverse to the geomagnetic field H̃. This work shows that changes in the amplitude and frequency spectra of the probe waves are correlated with changes in the HF power during ionospheric modification by powerful oblique radio emission. The data obtained provide evidence of strengthening of small-scale non-isotropic fluctuations in electron density for the situation when the interaction of the powerful radio waves with the ionosphere does not have a resonant nature, because in the case of oblique propagation the radio waves are reflected below the level at which the frequency of the wave is equal to the plasma frequency. © 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd

Sorption properties of carbon waste pyrolysis product for biological wastewater treatment

© 2017 Institute of Thermomechanics CAS, v.v.i.Influence of pH, temperature and time of contact for adsorption of heavy metals are studied. Experiments on model solutions of heavy metals ions at 20 °C against constant pH value are provided. From the obtained data, isotherms of sorption are constructed and sorption size is calculated. Dependence of sorption extent of heavy-metal ions on volume of the past model solution is studied. Also, the influence of temperature and time on the sorption of heavy-metal ions is investigated. It is found that the adsorption time is 15 minutes for copper ions and 10 minutes for the iron and chromium ions. When the temperature rises to 60 °C, the time of sorption of heavy-metal ions is reduced insignificantly (on 5-10 min). According to the obtained results, the maximum degree of adsorption on iron ions (III) was 95.9 %. After passing through the sorbent model solution obtained in 4 dm3 volume, the degree of adsorption decreased to 50.9%

Предпосылки возникновения философии истории Ибн Халдуна

This article is devoted to the study of the preconditions for Ibn Khaldun’s philosophy of history. It is argued that his theory of history was both a result of his own intellectual development and previous theories. The author states that Ibn Khaldun was influenced by ancient thought, political culture of Western Asia and Islamic intellectual tradition. The first was Ancient Greek philosophy and medicine that he inherited from the great physicians and philosophers like Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen. The second was cultural and political legacy of Sassanid Persia. The third prerequisite for formation of Ibn Khaldun’s theory of history was the adoption of the achievements of his predecessors, Islamic scientists, theologians and philosophers who had contributed to the rational critique of history.Данная статья посвящена исследованию предпосылок и условий формирования философии истории средневекового арабского историка и мыслителя Ибн Халдуна. Автор показывает, что историко-философская концепция арабского ученого есть результат соединения его личного интеллектуального вклада и учений мыслителей предшествующих эпох. Приводятся доводы, согласно которым предпосылками учения Ибн Халдуна являются античная мысль, политическая культура Передней Азии и мусульманская интеллектуальная традиция. Первой предпосылкой стало античное философское и медицинское знание, унаследованное Ибн Халдуном от таких древнегреческих ученых, как Аристотель, Гиппократ и Гален. Второй предпосылкой было культурно-политическое наследие доисламского Ирана. Третьей предпосылкой формирования учения Ибн Халдуна явились усвоенные им достижения мусульманских теологов, философов и ученых, внесших вклад в разработку метода рациональной критики истории

Impurity of atmospheric air over a surface of silt cards

© 2016,International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.In this study,we investigated the problem of air pollution by harmful substances secreted by the sludgein storage in the sludge maps. Studied the emission of harmful substances in the atmospheric air in the territory of placing the sludge of wastewater treatment plants. It determines the intensity of emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. To assess the quality of air pollution collected,processed and systematized information about cards sludge as a source of air pollution,physical characteristics and emissions,as well as qualitative and quantitative composition of the emissions of pollutants. Based on these data it was calculated the dispersion of pollutants and predicted excess of maximum permissible concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. To confirm the results of the calculations,experimental studies of pollutants in the atmospheric air. Analysis of experimental data has shown that in the atmospheric air near the experimental sludge card present excess of maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen sulfide over 3 MPC. Projected as a result of the calculation of the distribution of the air pollution level on the surface of the sludge and cards near the city of NaberezhnyeChelny excess ammonia experimental research has not been confirmed

Investigation of heavy metals emission from pyrolysis product of rubber wastes treated with ashing

© 2018 BRNSS Publication Hub. All rights reserved. Aim: In this paper, the emission of heavy metal ions from potential sorption materials is investigated. Samples were obtained by low-temperature pyrolysis from rubber waste (used car tires) and treated with dry ashing. The use of a solid pyrolysis product after ashing involves the purification of wastewater from contaminants. Methods: The content of heavy metal ions in aqueous extraction and extraction with an acetate-ammonium buffer of a solid product of pyrolysis of rubber waste was determined by means of atomic emission spectrometry. Of decreasing mass concentration, the heavy metal ions in the aqueous extract of the solid pyrolysis product after treatment with ashing are arranged in the following order: Zn, Si, Mn, Sr, Co, Ba, Mo, Ni, and Sb. In the acetate-ammonium extract of the test sample, the heavy metals are arranged in the following order in the order of decreasing values: Zn, Mn, Co, Fe, Sr, Cu, Al, Ni, B, V, Pb, Cr, Ba, Se, Pb, and Sb. Results: The obtained results show that the aqueous extract of the solid pyrolysis product of rubber waste after treatment with “dry” ashing does not exceed the normative indices for sewage by the content of heavy metals. According to the values of the concentration coefficient relative to the permissible concentration of pollutants in the wastewater admitted to discharge into the centralized system of wastewater disposal, the excess of the norm takes place according to Zn. Conclusions: It has been established that the solid pyrolysis product of rubber waste treated with ashing does not pollute the wastewater. This implies the possibility of using the processed pyrolysis product from environmental positions with limiting the discharge of wash water directly into fishery water reservoirs

Абу Хамид ал- Газали в отечественном исламоведении (конец XX — начало XXI в.)

This part completes the exposition of the state of research on the thought of Abu Hamid al- Ghazali (1058–1111), the greatest Islamic jurist and theologian, which started in the first part of the present paper. This part describes the main approaches to al- Ghazali’s heritage, developed by Russian scholars at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21th century. The author demonstrates that Russian scholars during the aforementioned period conducted a comprehensive analysis of some important parts of al- Ghazali’s philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology and ethics. The author summaries the results of their studies on al- Ghazali’s social and political thought. Moreover, this part of the article examines studies on al- Ghazali’s logic carried out by Russian scholars. The author outlines specific directions for future research on al- Ghazali’s philosophy and theology.Во второй части статьи* автор продолжает рассмотрение состояния исследований творчества Абу Хамида ал- Газали (1058–1111) в советский и постсоветской периоды истории нашей страны. Здесь разбираются основные подходы, сложившиеся в российском исламоведении в кон. XX в. — нач. XXI в., к изучению письменного наследия этого крупнейшего мусульманского мыслителя, теолога и правоведа. Показано, что в данный период в рамках отечественного исламоведения был осуществлен комплексный анализ онтологических, гносеологических и этических концепций ал- Газали. Рассмотрены итоги изучения российскими исламоведами его социально- политических взглядов. Показаны конкретные достижения российских исследователей в анализе логических идей у ал- Газали. Указаны перспективные направления дальнейших исследований в области газалиеведения

Место и роль традиции в обновлении

The article reveals little-studied aspects of Muslim thought in Late Russian Empire in the context of modernism-tradition dichotomy. The author proposes three case studies that demonstrate the contribution made by Russian Muslim scholars Murad Ramzi, Gasan Alqadari and Khalil Rahimov to moderate modernism at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Russia. Статья посвящена малоисследованным аспектам мусульманской мысли дореволюционной России в контексте проблемы отношения реформаторства и традиции. Предложено исследование умеренного российского исламского реформаторства на примере творчества Мурада Рамзи, Гасана Алкадари и Халила Рахимова — представителей образованных кругов мусульманского сообщества Российской империи конца XIX — начала XX столетия.

«КНИГА МУДРОСТЕЙ» (КИТАБ АЛ-ХИКАМ) ИБН ‘АТА’ АЛЛАХА АЛ ИСКАНДАРИ КАК ЛИТЕРАТУРНО-ФИЛОСОФСКИЙ ПАМЯТНИК МУСУЛЬМАНСКОГО ВОСТОКА

 The present article is devoted to the study of famous Egyptian Islamic mystic (Sufi ) Ibn ‘Aṭā’ Allāh al-Iskandarī’s views in the context of Ibn ‘Arabi’s teaching of “wahdat al-wujud” (the Unity of Being). Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah al-Iskandari (d. 709/1309) was third great shaykh of the Sufi  order of the Shadhiliyya, founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili (d. 656/1258). Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah wrote works on Sufi sm that had become a part of classical Sufi  legacy. His ‘Kitab al-Hikam’ (The Book of Wisdoms), a small collection of Sufi  aphorisms, is considered to be genuine masterpiece. He played also the important role in the establishment of institutional framework of the Sufi  order of the Shadhiliyya in Egypt. So, the spiritual legacy of him is embodied both in his disciples and in his books.The aim of this article is to explore the infl uence of the Ibn ‘Arabi’s ideas on Shadhiliyya tradition, especially on Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah al-Iskandari’s thought. The famous medieval Islamic thinker Ibn ‘Arabi (1165–1240) was one of the most infl uential Islamic thinkers. His intellectual talents and his deep infl uence on Muslim thought are indisputable. There is no doubt that Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah was familiar with Ibn ‘Arabi’s doctrines. The author considers that some ideas and theories that had become a part of Ibn ‘Arabi’s philosophy afterwards entered into early Shadhili tradition before Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah and were gradually transformed in accordance with sober form of Sufi sm. According to the author’s viewpoint, several factors forced the Shadhili shaykhs to reject metaphysical doctrines of Ibn ‘Arabi and preferred doctrines of sober form of Sufi sm, like teaching of the prominent Muslim theologian, philosopher and mystic al-Gazali (1058–1111). Небольшая по объему, представляющая собой сборник изречений «Книга мудростей» (Китаб ал-хикам) выдающегося египетского суфия Ибн ‘Ата’ Аллаха ал-Искандари (1260–1306) является одной из наиболее читаемых книг из наследия исламского мистицизма (суфизм). В ней, как и в других своих сочинениях, автор раскрывает наиболее важные положения учения и духовной практики суфийского тариката шазилийа, в частности излагает основные тезисы мистического метода познания суфиев, или «Пути [к Богу]» (тарик). Ибн ‘Ата Аллах полагает, что бескорыстная любовь суфия к Богу есть на самом деле опосредованное проявление извечной любви Бога к своим созданиям, обнаруживающейся в творении бесчисленных форм мира. Это значит, что многообразие мировоззренческих систем, в том числе религиозных, есть извечный замысел Бога, выражение универсальной истины и божественный любви ко всем созданиям. Этот суфийский тезис не призывает к стиранию культурных и религиозных различий, но, тем не менее, подразумевает сущностное единство людей. Осознание мира как универсального целого требует от них проявления чувства благоговения ко всему сущему, любви и уважения друг к другу, независимо от религиозной принадлежности. Сочинение Ибн ‘Ата’ Аллаха «Книга мудростей» (Китаб ал-хикам) способствует раскрытию потенциала универсализма и терпимости исламской религии. Его мысли о сущностном единстве человечества чрезвычайно актуальны и сегодня в свете необходимости укрепления идеалов мира, взаимного уважения и взаимопонимания между всеми народами

Air pollution investigation by organic compounds in the city

© 2018 Nasyrov et al. In this paper carry out assessment of level of impurity of atmospheric air in the city is executed by light organic compounds. The nature of change of content of these ingredients in atmospheric air in the direction of their possible source is studied. The composition of the organic substances which are present at atmospheric air is investigated. Sampling of air on these components is made. The analysis on the gas chromatograph and processing of the received results is made. Calculation of quantitative content of light organic compounds in tests of atmospheric air is made. The character of a gradient of concentration of light organic compounds towards the city of Nizhnekamsk is defined. For the purpose of assessment of level of impurity of atmospheric air the complex index of impurity of the atmosphere for 23 trial platforms is determined by five priority volatile organic compounds. Offers on decrease in content of light organic compounds in atmospheric air are developed