Jamming of directed traffic on a square lattice

Phase transition from a free-flow phase to a jammed phase is an important feature of traffic networks. We study this transition in the case of a simple square lattice network for different values of data posting rate $(\rho)$ by introducing a parameter $p$ which selects a neighbour for onward data transfer depending on queued traffic. For every $\rho$ there is a critical value of $p$ above which the system become jammed. The $\rho-p$ phase diagram shows some interesting features. We also show that the average load diverges logarithmically as $p$ approaches $p_c$ and the queue length distribution exhibits exponential and algebraic nature in different regions of the phase diagram.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure

The global characteristics of atmosphere emissions in the lower thermosphere and their aeronomic implications

The green line of atomic oxygen and the Herzberg bands of molecular oxygen as observed from the OGO-4 airglow photometer are discussed in terms of their spatial and temporal distributions and their relation to the atomic oxygen content in the lower thermosphere. Daily maps of the distribution of emissions show considerable structure (cells, patches, and bands) with appreciable daily changes. When data are averaged over periods of several days in length, the resulting patterns have occasional tendencies to follow geomagnetic parallels. The Seasonal variations are characterized by maxima in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in October, with the Northern Hemisphere having substantially higher emission rates. Formulae are derived relating the vertical column emission rates of the green line and the Herzberg bands to the atomic oxygen peak density. Global averages for the time period for these data (August 1967 to January 1968), when converted to maximum atomic oxygen densities near 95 km, have a range of 2.0 x 10 to the 11th power/cu cm 2.7 x 10 to the 11th power/cu cm

Strategies for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in a world of conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance

Infestations with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, constitute the most important ectoparasite problem for cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, resulting in major economic losses. The control of R. microplus is mostly based on the use of conventional acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. However, the intensive use of such compounds has resulted in tick populations that exhibit resistance to all major acaricide chemical classes. Consequently, there is a need for the development of alternative approaches, possibly including the use of animal husbandry practices, synergized pesticides, rotation of acaricides, pesticide mixture formulations, manual removal of ticks, selection for host resistance, nutritional management, release of sterile male hybrids, environmental management, plant species that are unfavourable to ticks, pasture management, plant extracts, essential oils and vaccination. Integrated tick management consists of the systematic combination of at least two control technologies aiming to reduce selection pressure in favour of acaricide-resistant individuals, while maintaining adequate levels of animal production. The purpose of this paper is to present a current review on conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance for better understanding and control of resistant ticks with particular emphasis on R. microplus on cattle

Korea and the BICs (Brazil, India and China) : catching up experiences

This paper tests a neo-Schumpeterian model with industry-level data to analyze how Brazil, India, and China are catching up with South Korea’s technological frontier in a globalized world. The paper validates Aghion et al.’s inverted-U hypothesis that industries that are closer to the technological frontier innovate to escape competition while longer distances discourage innovating. It suggests that for effective catching up, distance-shortening (or innovation-enhancing) policies may be a necessary complement to liberalization. South Korea and China combined a variety of distance-shortening policies with financial subsidies to promote high tech industries and an export-led growth strategy. Post-liberalization, they leveraged swift competition to spur catch-up. In comparison, Brazil, which was as rich as South Korea, and India, which was as rich as China in 1980, are catching up more slowly. Import-substitution industrialization strategies saddled Brazil and India with a large anti-export bias, and unfocused attention to innovation-enhancing policies dampened global competitiveness. Post liberalization, many of their industries were too far behind the technological frontier to effectively benefit from competition. The catch-up experiences of Brazil, India, and China with South Korea illustrate that distance from the technological frontier matters and that the design of country-specific distance- shortening policies can be an important complement to trade liberalization in promoting catching up with richer countries.Labor Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Water and Industry,E-Business,Knowledge for Development

The Impact of Marketing Mix Elements Toward Brand Equity Through Brand Awareness and Brand Image as Mediators in Bakery Industry in Indonesia

As the factor accompanying the rise of GDP of people in Indonesia, consumption habit in having meal is as well shifting from traditional staple to wheat based product such as bakery products. Knowing from this phenomenon, it is known that bakery industry in Indonesia is on the business\u27s concern recently.The effort in having good brand equity in the consumer\u27s eyes surely will bring long term profit for the companies that are playing in this industry. In order to have a good brand equity, marketing mix elements which are price, intensity of marketing activities, store image, and price deals are believed can be the effective strategy in the business competition. Moreover, the existence of brand awareness and brand image as mediators are also playing a big role in achieving good brand equity.This market research is conducted by spreading 158 questionnaires to bakery consumers in Surabaya. This data is analyzed using regression with mediating analysis. The result is showing that intensity of marketing activities is not significantly impacting brand equity through brand awareness. Additionally, only price and store image give significant affect toward brand equity through brand image whereas intensity of marketing activities and price deals are not