THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS of TIED AID and LOCAL CONTENT REQUIREMENTS for CLIMATE FINANCE

The Paris Agreement states that from 2020 developed countries will mobilize at least USD 100 billion per year to support climate action in developing countries. The attainment of this objective involves decisions by donor countries about the channel and destination of climate finance disbursements. This paper explores how the spending conditions associated to different disbursement options can affect the opportunities for donors to expand their exports. In particular, using a Multiregional Input-Output Model, it finds that donors have an economic incentive for choosing bilateral channels that enable to tie aid to the detriment of multilateral ones, such as the Green Climate Fund. On the other hand, local content requirements imposed by recipient countries do not substantially affect donors' exports, since they do not reduce intermediate exports, which represent a relevant share of the total exports generated by the mitigation and adaptation actions analysed. © 2020 World Scientific Publishing Company.The participation of María Victoria Román and Ibon Galarraga on this paper has been funded by CICEP (Strategic Challenges in International Climate and Energy Policy), one of three centres for social science based research on environment-friendly energy established by the Research Council of Norway in 2011 (http://www.cicep.uio.no/). Alberto Ansuategi also thanks financial support from Economy and Competitiveness Ministry of Spain (ECO2015-68023) and the Basque Government (IT-799-13)

Nations’ water footprints and virtual water trade of wood products

Several studies addressed the water footprint (WF) of countries and virtual water (VW) trade in agricultural and industrial products, but freshwater use associated with wood products has received little attention. Yet, international trade in wood products has been growing, and forestry competes with other forest ecosystem services over limited freshwater resources. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to assess nations’ WFs of consumption of wood products, the sustainability of these WFs, and the VW flows associated with international trade in wood products. We account nations’ WFs of and VW trade in wood products with a Multi-regional Input-Output model (MRIO-forest) that tracks wood flows along global supply chains (production, processing, trade, and final uses) for the period 1997-2017 and assess the sustainability of the green and blue WF of wood products in 2017. The WF of wood production increased from 8.37 × 1011 m3/y in 1997 to 9.87 × 1011 m3/y in 2017. About 38% (3.76 × 1011 m3/y) of this WF relates to wood products for export (in 2017), which means that VW trade associated with wood products ranks in between agricultural and industrial products in absolute volumes. About 10% (9.9 × 1010 m³/y) of the green WF and 11% (3.4 × 109 m³/y) of the blue WF of wood products in 2017 are unsustainable, meaning that they are located in areas where the total green/blue WF exceeds the maximum sustainable green/blue WF. The unsustainable green WF occurs mainly in Germany, Indonesia, the Czech Republic and the UK, and mainly relates to coniferous sawnwood, paper and paperboard other than newsprint, fibreboard and non-coniferous sawnwood. The unsustainable blue WF, which is much smaller, occurs in the USA, Russia. Nigeria, Canada and India, and mainly relates to fuelwood, paper and paperboard other than newsprint, sawnwood and fibreboard. This study increases our understanding of how forest evaporation flows link to the final consumption of wood products and contributes to the wider debate on the allocation of freshwater resources in the global economy. © 2022BC3 authors thank the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the project Modeling and analysis of low carbon transitions (MALCON, RTI2018-099858-A-I00), and the Spanish State Research Agency through María de Maeztu Excellence Unit accreditation 2018-2022 (Ref. MDM-2017-0714, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/) and Basque Government BERC 2022-2025 Programme. I. Cazcarro thanks the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (State Research Agency. 2019 Call for R+D+i) PID2019-106822RB-I0 “Multisectoral and multiregional models, innovation and dynamics, for economic, social and environmental sustainability. J.F. Schyns was supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Earth@lternatives project, grant agreement No 834716). This article has been also a parallel study to one developed on land footprints under Letter of Agreement between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, UN-REDD Programme) and the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3). BC3 authors thank the staff of the FAO and BC3 for their comments, discussions and suggestions related to forest data and policy. We are especially grateful to Malgorzata Buszko-Briggs and Tina Vahanen (FAO Forestry Department) for their contribution to frame and coordinate the research, and to Salar Tayyib, Daniela Di Filippo, Tomasz Filipczuk (FAO Statistics Division) and Arvydas Lebedys (FAO Forestry Department) for providing datasets and for their discussions and comments on data and methodological issues

Linking multisectoral economic models and consumption surveys for the European Union

Multisectoral models usually have a single representative household. However, more diversity of household types is needed to analyse the effects of multiple phenomena (i.e. ageing, gender inequality, distributional income impact, etc.). Household consumption surveys’ microdata is a rich data source for these types of analysis. However, feeding multisectoral models with this type of information is not simple and recent studies show how even slightly inaccurate procedures might result in significantly biased results. This paper presents the full procedure for feeding household consumption microdata into macroeconomic models and for the first time provides in a systematic way an estimation of the bridge matrices needed to link European Union Household Budget Surveys’ microdata with the most popular multi-regional input–output frameworks (e.g. Eurostat, WIOD, EORA, OECD)

A new accounting framework for assessing forest footprint of nations

n a tele-coupled and globalized World, understanding the links between demand for wood products and land use is becoming challenging. World's economies are increasingly open and interconnected, and international trade flows of wood products are continuously growing. The increasing resource consumption of humanity is increasingly dependent on international trade. In this context, the study of forest products demand from a global-multi-regional perspective emerges as a critical issue to achieve the goal of sustainable consumption and production. In this paper, we introduce a novel accounting framework for assessing the forest footprint of nations. The method combines Multi-regional Input-Output techniques and detailed data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on production, consumption and bilateral trade of primary, intermediate and final wood products, advancing with respect to existing approaches with these practical distinctions for more accurate computations. The approach tracks resource flows along the global supply chain and provides detailed information on the production, transformation, international trade, and final use of 20 forest products in 223 countries, having also much wider coverage than most previous studies. We test this framework to analyse forest footprint of nations in the year 2014, showing that 22 Million hectares (Mha) of forest were harvested for the extraction of roundwood for global demand, being 9.1 Mha to satisfy the foreign demand of wood products (42% of the total forestland harvested area). Harvested forestland is concentrated in America (32%), Asia (29%) and Europe (28%), representing Africa (7%) and Oceania (4%). More than 50% of the reported forest area harvested worldwide is located in USA (15%), China (14%); Russia (11%) and Canada (8%). In terms of forest footprint, Asia shows the highest share of the total forest footprint (44%), followed by America (25%), Europe (21%), Africa (7%) and Oceania (2%). Country-wise, half is concentrated in China (24%), USA (16%), India (5%), and Russia (5%).This article was developed under Letter of Agreement between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, UN-REDD Programme) and the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3). The authors thank the staff of the FAO and BC3 for their comments, discussions and suggestions on this report. We are especially grateful to Malgorzata Buszko-Briggs, Tina Vahanen and Caroline Merle (FAO Forestry Department) for their contribution to frame and coordinate the research, and to Salar Tayyib, Daniela Di Filippo, Tomasz Filipczuk (FAO Statistics Division) and Arvydas Lebedys (FAO Forestry Department) for providing datasets and for their discussions and comments on data and methodological issues. The authors also thank the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, through the project MALCON, RTI 2018-099858-A-I00, the Spanish State Research Agency through María de Maeztu Excellence Unit accreditation 2018–2022 (Ref. MDM-2017-0714), funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, the Basque Government BERC 2018-2021 Programme, and the EU H2020 project LOCOMOTION GA no 821105

Evaluasi Produk Wisata Berbasis Pertanian di Desa Adat Tinggan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi produk wisata di desa wisata Pucak Tinggan, dan mengukur tingkat kepuasan wisatawan terhadap kinerja pelayanan pengelolanya. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan metode analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dan pengukuran CSI (Costumer Satisfaction Index). Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa produk wisata di desa wisata Pucak Tinggan adalah berupa paket treking mengunjungi Pura Pucak Mangu, peternakan lebah madu di tengah perkebunan kopi, edukasi biogas, produksi kopi bubuk dan produksi kripik talas. Kondisi sarana pendukung di sepanjang jalur treking seperti gazebo, tempat selfie dan toilet sudah mengalami kerusakan dan kurang terawat karena terkendala biaya. Pelatihan dan pendampingan telah dilakukan oleh tim dosen IPBI menyasar pada peningkatan sumberdaya pengelola dan produk UKM penunjang yang berbasis pertanian/agro. Kualitas layanan berdasarkan analisis CSI (Costumer Satisfaction Index) berada pada katagori memuaskan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa wisatawan yang menjadi reponden dalam penelitian ini menilai puas terhadap kinerja pengelola wisata di desa wisata Pucak Tinggan

Evaluasi Produk Wisata Berbasis Pertanian di Desa Adat Tinggan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi produk wisata di desa wisata Pucak Tinggan, dan mengukur tingkat kepuasan wisatawan terhadap kinerja pelayanan pengelolanya. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan metode analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dan pengukuran CSI (Costumer Satisfaction Index). Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa produk wisata di desa wisata Pucak Tinggan adalah berupa paket treking mengunjungi Pura Pucak Mangu, peternakan lebah madu di tengah perkebunan kopi, edukasi biogas, produksi kopi bubuk dan produksi kripik talas. Kondisi sarana pendukung di sepanjang jalur treking seperti gazebo, tempat selfie dan toilet sudah mengalami kerusakan dan kurang terawat karena terkendala biaya. Pelatihan dan pendampingan telah dilakukan oleh tim dosen IPBI menyasar pada peningkatan sumberdaya pengelola dan produk UKM penunjang yang berbasis pertanian/agro. Kualitas layanan berdasarkan analisis CSI (Costumer Satisfaction Index) berada pada katagori memuaskan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa wisatawan yang menjadi reponden dalam penelitian ini menilai puas terhadap kinerja pengelola wisata di desa wisata Pucak Tinggan

Eksistensi Ekowisata Mangrove Di Tahura Ngurah Rai Bagi Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Bali

Tata kelola Tahura Ngurah Rai dan pemanfaatannya sebagai kawasan ekowisata mangrove menjadi isu krusial di tengah perebutan berbagai macam kepentingan yang selama ini dihadapi oleh pengelola Tahura Ngurah Rai. Apalagi di era global dimana arus informasi demikian cepat dan mudah diakses serta dapat mempengaruhi citra suatu destinasi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan ekowisata, menemukan manfaat dan peluang penting eksistensi ekowisata mangrove, serta merumuskan rekomendasi pengembangan ekowisata di Tahura. Penelitian dasar yang bersifat deskriptif kualitatif ini menggunakan metode survey dan wawancara kepada seluruh pihak yang berkepentingan terhadap eksistensi ekowisata mangrove. Kemudian melalui FGD dirumuskan rekomendasi pengembangan untuk penyusunan kebijakan bagi Pemerintah Provinsi Bali. Penelitian ini berhasil mengidentifikasi beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan ekowisata di Tahura Ngurah Rai yaitu: Keanekaragaman Hayati; Infrastruktur; Pendidikan dan Kesadaran Lingkungan; Partisipasi Masyarakat; Kebijakan Pemerintah; Pemasaran dan Promosi; Kerjasama dan Kolaborasi; dan Pengelolaan yang Berkelanjutan. Ekowisata mangrove menawarkan sejumlah manfaat dan peluang penting yang dapat berdampak positif pada pariwisata yaitu: Konservasi dan Edukasi Lingkungan;  Variasi Pilihan Wisata; Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Lokal; Pengalaman Wisata yang Berkelanjutan; Daya Tarik Wisatawan Berbasis Alam; dan Penyelarasan dengan Kebijakan Berkelanjutan. Keywords: : eksistensi ekowisata mangrove; Tahura Ngurah Rai

International trade and the distribution of economy-wide benefits from the disbursement of climate finance

In the framework of recent international climate negotiations, industrialized countries have committed to transfer at least USD 100 billion per year to developing countries from 2020. Climate finance has become the subject of an already extensive literature. However, the economic impact of the disbursement of climate finance and the role of international trade in its distribution globally have not been studied yet. This paper specifically estimates the geographical distribution of economic benefits for 17 mitigation and 9 adaptation options. We use a Global Multi-Regional Input-Output framework to track both domestic as well as spill-over effects of climate finance disbursements. The relevance of spill-overs is confirmed: on average, 29% of the economic benefits of climate actions flow to countries different from the recipient country (i.e. to the donors and third countries). But this percentage varies widely, between 11 and 61% depending on the type of climate action implemented as well as the recipient country. The findings are expected to be of interest for both recipient and donor countries as they provide guidance on how to maximize the economic co-benefits of climate finance. (c) 2018, (c) 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor and Francis Group.Maria Victoria Roman was funded by Norges Forskningsrd (CICEP (Strategic Challenges in International Climate and Energy Policy)). Authors also thank financial support from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (ECO2015-68023) and the Eusko Jaurlaritza (IT-799-13)