Effect of Oral Iron Tablet Administration on Serum Feritin and Hemoglobin Concentration of Pre-pregnant Women with Mild Iron Deficiency Anemia in Bali

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is still to be a problem of pregnant women healthrelated to its high prevalence and its negative effects on health. Prevention efforts by ironsuplementation in pregnant woman have not reducing IDA problem in pregnant women yet. This failure is probably due to the assumption that IDA have been seen pre-pregnant. Totest this hypothesis, a quasi experimental study was conducted by randomized pre and posttest control group design. Sample were collected by multistage sampling random technicconsist of 47 women in treated group and 52 in control group. Both group were serumferritin and hemoglobin value test untill 3 time, pre-pregnant, early pregnant and duringpregnant. Iron tablet was administrated to treated group from the beginning of pre-pregnantperiod, continued until the first 3 months of pregnancy, while in control group iron tabletwas only given during the first 3 months of pregnancy. T-group result shown that meanserum ferritin and hemoglobin concentration at pregnant women on treated group(33,45±14,12 ?g/dL dan 12,25±1,20 g/dl) more high than control group (19,65±8,99 ?g/dLdan 10,91±0,67 g/dl), p<0,05. Mean difference serum ferritin and hemoglobinconcentration at pregnant women is 13,8 ?g/dL dan 1,34 g/dl (p<0,05). Benefid analysisresult shown that iron suplementation since pre-pregnant more benefid than ironsuplementation during pregnant (BCR >1). Based on these results, it can be concluded thatiron supplementation to IDA women starting from pre-pregnant period results in a bettereffect compare to oral iron supplementation during pregnancy only

Perbandingan Efek Suplemen Besi Pra-hamil dan Selama Kehamilan dalam Upaya Menurunkan Anemia Defisiensi Besi pada Wanita Hamil dengan Anemia Ringan di Bali

Anemia defisiensi besi (ADB) masih merupakan masalah kesehatan wanita hamilterkait dengan tingginya prevalensi dan efek negatifnya terhadap kesehatan. Upayapencegahan telah dilakukan dengan pemberian tablet besi selama kehamilan. Akan tetapihasilnya belum memuaskan. Kegagalan ini mungkin diakibatkan oleh rendahnya bahkankosongnya cadangan besi tubuh sewaktu pra-hamil, terutama di negara sedangberkembang. Oleh karena itu, suplemen besi yang hanya diberikan waktu kehamilantidak cukup untuk mencegah terjadinya ADB. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan a quasiexperimental study pada 99 pasangan baru yang belum hamil yang terdiri atas 47 groupperlakuan dan 52 sebagai group kontrol. Tablet besi (200 mg ferrous sulfate) diberikansejak periode sebelum hamil pada group perlakuan yang dilanjutkan sampai dengan 3bulan kehamilan. Sementara, pada group kontrol diberikan tablet besi dimulai hanya padakehamilan trimester pertama. ADB didasarkan atas konsentrasi hemoglobin dan serumferitin sesuai dengan criteria WHO dan keuntungan pemberian tablet besi didasarkan atasteknik BCR. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa pemberian tablet besi pada pra-hamildapat menurunkan prevalensi ADB lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pemberian tabletbesi yang dimulai saat kehamilan (0% vs 38.46%, p<0.05). Perbedaan yang signifikanjuga pada rerata serum feritin pada akhir pengamatan yaitu 33.45±14.12 ?g/dL padagroup perlakuan dan 19.65±8.99 ?g/dL pada group kontrol. Sementara itu, kadarhemoglobin adalah 12.25±1.20 g/dL pada group perlakuan dan 10.91±0.67 g/dL padagroup kontrol (p<0.05). Analisis menunjukkan bahwa pemberian tablet besi yang dimulaisaat pra-hamil adalah lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan dengan pemberian tablet besimulai hanya pada kehamilan (BCR >1). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada efeksamping dan kepatuhan pada group perlakuan dan kontrol. Berdasarkan hasil-hasil inidapatlah disimpulkan bahwa pemberian tablet besi yang dimulai masa pra-hamil adalahlebih baik dibandingkan dengan pemberian tablet besi yang diberikan hanya pada saatkehamilan. Program ini sangat mungkin diterapkan pada masyarakat karenakepatuhannya adalah baik

From Marriage to Political Leadership: Lessons in Social Competencies from the Igbo Conception of Marriage

Owing most probably to Western-style modernization, marriage is increasingly understood to be a business strictly for married couples. However, I argue that this is an error, as many inexperienced couples are left to their own devices, and thereby often fail to utilize marriage to acquire the social competencies that are crucial to wider social responsibilities, including political leadership. The modern atomic conception of marriage is influenced by the Kant-inspired Western conception of moral autonomy. Nevertheless, I reject this conception as excessively absolutist, and argue that moral autonomy can be tempered by lack of experience, human desire and circumstantial pressures in life. Many African societies view marriage as a union of societies rather than that of individuals, and I argue that the moral support offered by the extended family and the community at large is ultimately geared to inculcate in the spouses inter-personal and social skills of restraint, prudence, tolerance, constructive criticism and other virtues desperately needed to execute societal responsibilities. Key WordsIgbo marriage, social responsibilities, social competencies, social atomism, political leadershi

Quality of Medical Information Determine the Quality of Diagnosis Code

The accuracy of the diagnosis code has implications for future patient care planning, provision of health services and patient care costs. Therefore, this study has analyzed the influence of the quality of medical information on the quality of the diagnosis code which includes the accuracy, consistency, completeness and timeliness in coding the diagnosis of inpatients at Dr. Moewardi hospital.This was an observational analytic study with a sample of 250 medical records taken using stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed by chi square test. High quality of medical information has a better diagnosis code quality (73.80%) compared to poorly quality of medical information (36.00%). High quality of medical information has a log odds of 1.54 better in the quality of diagnosis code than poorly quality of medical information (b=1.54; 95% CI=0.81-2.27, p<0.001)

Critique of Nkrumah’s Philosophical Materialism

Kwame Nkrumah invokes the doctrine of emergentism in the hope of reconciling theism - a tenacious part of the African worldview - with materialism. However, in this article I seek to show that this reconciliation is not only ultimately unsuccessful, but is actually impossible. Towards this end, I identify weaknesses in what I call the six argumentative pillars of Nkrumah’s theory of emergentism (which he calls “philosophical materialism”), namely, his arguments regarding the origin of the cosmic material, the primary reality of matter, idealism, categorial convertibility, dialectic change, and the self-motion of matter. The article should provide not only alternative perspectives to Nkrumah’s metaphysics, but also highlight some broader metaphysical implications for both strong and weak emergentism. Key WordsPhilosophical materialism, consciencism, emergentism, cosmic material, categorial conversion, dialectical change, self motion of matte

Analisis Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani di Sub Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Keduang Kabupaten Wonogiri

:The purpose of this study had aims to analyze proportion of food expenditure and consumption of farmer household, to analyze energy and protein consumtion of farmer household , to analyse factors affected in household expenditure farmers level and to analyse food security of farmer household in the watershed Keduang Wonogiri. This research used descriptive analysis with survey technique. The samples in this study using purposive sampling method to obtain 90 respondents. Data collection techniques were observation, interviewing, recording, Recall. The data used in this research were primary and secondary data. The results of research showed that the average households on farm income was Rp. 690,080.556/ year,average off-farm income was Rp 1,540,974.074/ year. Average household expenditure for food Rp 899,602.19 /month or 57.3% of total expenditures and for non-food expenditure of Rp 670,497.26/month or 42.7%. The average of energy and protein consumption were 1946,93 kkal/cap/day and 52,13 gram/cap/day. Therefore, nutritional edaquency level 79,98% for energy, that is included in thin devisit edaquency level, and 81,58% for protein and included in thin devisit edaquency level. The number of food expenditure in Sub Watershed Keduang influenced by farmers' income, member of famili, and land held. While the upstream and downstream areas individually didn't significantly affected with the number of food expenditure. The number of non-food expenditure in Sub Watershed Keduang influenced by farmers' income and number of famili farmer household. While the land area and the upstream and downstream areas individually didn't significantly affected with the number of non-food expenditure. The number of total spending in Sub Watershed Keduang influenced by farmers' income, member of famili, and land held. While the upstream and downstream areas individually didn't significantly affected the number of total expenditure. Food security condition of farmer household are less in food (30%

The Impacts of Direct Local Election to the Community Life

This article intends to analyse the impacts of direct elections to the community life. The impacts, in this study, are particularly on political, social, and economic sectors. This research conducted in Palu, Donggala Regency, and Parigi Mautong Regency. The findings of this study were obtained from qualitative research, which the data obtained through qualitative enquiries such as Focus Group Discussion (FGD) which involved some parties who understood, comprehended, and organised the election; in-depth interview to informants, distribute a questionnaire to 162 respondents; do a literature study, and documentary reports. The result of this study shows that the processes of election impact positively to the social and political life of the community but not the economical. Equally important finding is that there are several negative impacts throughout the implementation process of the local elections

Pengaruh Perendaman Benih Dalam Cao Dan Pemupukan P Dan K Terhadap Pengendalian Keracunan Besi Pada Tanaman Padi Di Lahan Sulfat Masam Potensial [the Effect of Soaking Seeds in Cao and P and K Fertilization on the Controling of Iron Toxication to Rice in Potentially Sulphate Acid Soil]

Tidal land large enough sour sulfate and the potential for agricultural expansion. Obstacles encountered primarily stress iron poisoning. It has the potential to cause a decline in rice yield research aims to study the effect of the influence of seed treatment and fertilizer P and K to control iron toxicity in acidic sulfate potential land. This research was carried out in KP Belandean on MK 2007. Randomized block design with 3 replications. Rice varieties used were Batanghari, planted on plot measuring 4 mx 9 m with a spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm. Package combined treatment of seeds and fertilizer P and K: 1. (25-90-75), 2. (50-90-75), 3. (75-90-75), 4. (100-90-75), 5. (125-90-75), 6. (75-30-75), 7. (75-60-75), 8. (75-120-75), 9. (75-150-75), 10. (75-90-25), 11. (75-90-50), 12. (75-90-100), 13. (75-90-125), 14. (0-90-75), 15. (0-0-0) kg / ha% CaO-kg / ha P2O5-K2O. The result showed that by giving a dose of phosphate fertilizer 90 kg/ha P2O5 and potassium at a dose of 100-125 kg/ha K2O CaO combined with the provision of 75 % of the weight of the seed, is the combination to control iron poisoning