Лучевая диагностика в определении признаков возможного кровотечения из варикозно расширенных вен желудка (обзор литературы)

Annotation. Gastric varicose veins are one of the common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension. Bleeding of this localization has a greater percentage of death and difficulty in achieving hemostasis than bleeding from esophageal varices. This paper discusses the etiology and main aspects of the pathophysiology of portal hypertension, the mechanisms of bleeding, which play an important role in the prevention of complications prevention. The venous outflow from the stomach, variants of porto-systemic collateral anastomoses and types of varicose veins of the stomach itself are presented in sufficient detail. The advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic imaging in the assessment of gastric varicose veins and the possible prediction of the risk of bleeding are demonstrated.Aim: to analyze the data of foreign and domestic literature on varicose veins of the stomach, to identify criteria that determine the risks of bleeding according to the methods of diagnostic imaging.Results. Analysis of foreign and domestic literature showed that the problem of diagnosing gastric varicose veins is extremely relevant and requires special consideration of all its various aspects. There are many diagnostic methods with certain advantages and disadvantages. But, in our opinion, the possibilities of non-invasive methods, especially computed tomography, in the diagnosis of varicose veins of the stomach and the prognosis of bleeding from them are underestimated and require further study.Введение. Варикозное расширение вен желудка одна из частых причин желудочно-кишечных кровотечений у пациентов с портальной гипертензией. Кровотечение данной локализации имеет больший процент летального исхода и сложности в достижении гемостаза, чем кровотечение из варикозно расширенных вен пищевода. В данной статье рассмотрены этиология и основные аспекты патофизиологии портальной гипертензии, механизмы развития кровотечений, которые играют важную роль в профилактике осложнений. Достаточно подробно представлены венозный отток от желудка, варианты портосистемных коллатеральных анастомозов и типы варикозного расширения вен собственно желудка. Продемонстрированы преимущества и недостатки лучевых методов диагностики в оценке варикозно расширенных вен желудка и возможного прогнозирования риска кровотечения.Цель исследования: проанализировать данные зарубежной и отечественной литературы о варикозно расширенных венах желудка, выявить критерии, определяющие риски кровотечения по данным методов лучевой диагностики.Результаты. Анализ зарубежной и отечественной литературы показал, что проблема диагностики и лечения варикозно расширенных вен желудка крайне актуальна и требует специального рассмотрения всевозможных ее аспектов. Существует множество методов диагностики с определенными преимуществами и недостатками. Но, на наш взгляд, возможности неинвазивных методов, особенно компьютерной томографии, в диагностике варикозно расширенных вен желудка и прогноза развития кровотечения из них недооценены и требуют дальнейшего изучения

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