The Antimicrobial Effect of Diode Laser with Heat Producing toward E.Faecalis in Root Canals and in Periapical Lesions

In our study we tested the efficacy of disinfection with diode laser Nd : YAG root canals of single-rooted teeth and lesion models of different sizes (6, 10 and 14 mm), in which we put the teeth and made?? an in vitro model. Teeth and models we re-infected with E. faecalis, as one of the most common microbes for re-infection, till the growth of the biofilm. The growth of the biofilm was confirmed microbiologically on agar plates. Viability of microorganisms in the samples after laser treatment and compared to samples without treatment, were analyzed with a fluorescence method by flow Cytometry. Therapy with diode laser Nd : YAG showed a significant increase in the percentage of dead cells compared to the control group. At the same time we have found a significant difference between the different dimensions of periapical lesions. The smallest dimension lesions of 6 mm showed the highest number of dead cells. Keywords: Periapical lesions, diode laser Nd : YAG, root canal disinfectio

THE EFFICANCY OF DIODE LASER ND:YAG IN ROOT CANALS AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS

In our study we tested the efficacy of disinfection with diode laser Nd : YAG root canals of single-rooted teeth and lesion models of different sizes (6, 10 and 14 mm), in which we put the teeth and made an in vitro model. Teeth and models we re-infected with E. faecalisor and S. mitis, as one of the most common microbes for re-infection, till the growth of the biofilm. The growth of the biofilm was confirmed microbiologically on agar plates. Viability of microorganisms in the samples after laser treatment and compared to samples without treatment, were analyzed with a fluorescence method by flow Cytometry. Therapy with diode laser Nd : YAG showed a significant increase in the percentage of dead cells compared to the control group. At the same time we have found a significant difference between the different dimensions of periapical lesions. The smallest dimension lesions of 6 mm showed the highest number of dead cells. When compared E. faecalis and S. mitis we have not found any difference between the sizes of lesions, or between the duration of irradiation. These results indicate that the laser diode does not have the best toxic effects of heat, which is produced by the laser radiation, so the diode laser Nd : YAG radiation alone could not destroy all bacteria, so re-infection is still possible. However, we think that application of laser in combination with the standard methods of irrigation and instrumentation or the application of dyes for photodynamic therapy, we could obtain greater efficacy of disinfection

TREATMENT OF VASCULAR LESION OF LIP WITH 980NM DIODE LASER COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONAL METHOD

Introduction: Mulliken and Glowacki introduced a simple classification in 1982 that was based on the clinical, histochemical and cellular criteria to distinguish between the various vascular anomalies. They described two distinct entities which are haemangiomas and vascular malformations. Hence, they can be situated at different area of the oromaxillofacial region: tongue, lip, palate, buccal mucosa, and gingiva. Numerous method of treatment has been used such as cryotherapy, embolization, sclerotisation, cold scalpel and combination of these. Management of these lesions with laser is an option, and several laser systems have been developed using principles of selective photothermolysis. Thus, the clinical cases presented in this study are treated with 980 nm diode laser. Material and methods: In this study, we reported 60 cases with vascular lesions of lip treated in the Dental Clinic of the University of Tirana from May 2007 to May 2012. 30 cases were treated with 980 nm diode laser and 30 cases with scalpel. Thus, the operative treatment and post-operative follow-up for the evaluation of early and long term results was documented. All statistical test and graphics were created using SPSS for Medical Calculation (MedCalc). Data were expressed as mean –standard deviation and 95 % confidence interval and the statistical significance was estimated by Student´s t-test and p values< 0,05 were considered significant. Results: According the protocol research, the results of the two groups of population were compared as laser group and the control group. Diode laser surgery was rapid and bloodless. The wounds were healed without complications in two to three weeks depending on the size of the lesions. The parameters evaluated are: bleeding, pain, swelling, scar formation, functional disturbance, and recurrence. On the basis of the data collected from the laser group, no pain, or swelling were reported during the first week after intervention and from the control group, 22 of the patients reported pain and 20 referred swelling after the surgical excision. After one month of the treatment, no scar formation was reported from laser group and in the patients of control group, scarring was observed in the site of the performed excision. After 3 years of follow-up, no recurrence was recorded after laser surgery versus one case was treated with scalpel during the first year. No functional disturbance was recorded from the laser group versus 6 cases reported from the control group. Conclusion: 980 nm is a good modality for the treatment of vascular lesion of lip. This treatment provides satisfactory results, and is well accepted by all patients without compromising their health and functionality

All-On-Four Concept Literature Review

The All-on-4 concept is a dental implant technique that provides a solution for patients who have lost or are about to lose all of their teeth in one or both jaws. This concept was developed to simplify the implant process and make it more accessible for individuals with extensive tooth loss. In the review performed in Pubmed and Cochrane Library between 2005 and 2023, Full arch implant-supported prosthesis, 4-implant full arc, osseointegration, inclined implant, total edentulism and different combinations in which some of these keywords were used together were chosen. 100 of the articles achieved from the review were evaluated with respect to the subject we examined. The inclusion criteria for articles were as follows: 1-Articles were related to the all-on-four concept. 2-Abstracts were obtained when the full texts could not be obtained. The All-on-4 concept in dental implantology offers several advantages, making it a popular and effective solution for patients with extensive tooth loss. The All-on-4 concept allows for the immediate loading of prostheses onto the implants shortly after surgery. Compared to traditional implant approaches, All-on-4 reduces treatment time significantly. The concept utilizes tilted posterior implants, which take advantage of available bone and reduce the necessity for bone grafting in areas with insufficient bone volume. All-on-4 may be more cost-effective than traditional implant-supported restorations due to the reduced number of implants and the associated surgical procedures. The concept aims to provide a fixed, full-arch prosthesis that closely resembles natural teeth. Numerous studies have reported high success rates for the All-on-4 concept, with the majority of patients experiencing successful osseointegration and long-term stability of the implants. All-on-4 often results in a more comfortable experience for patients, with fewer surgical interventions and reduced healing periods. The tilted posterior implants increase the contact between bone and implant, enhancing stability and support for the prosthesis

Pediatric Dentists’ Service Provisions in South-East Europe during the First Wave of COVID-19 Epidemic: Lessons Learned about Preventive Measures and Personal Protective Equipment Use

Having in mind the importance of providing continuous pediatric dental services during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that children have similar viral loads to adults, the potential to spread the virus to others, and with variable clinical presentation of COVID-19 infection, this study aimed to analyze the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on pediatric dentistry service provision, risks, and preventive measures before and during dental treatment. Method: Structured and closed epidemiological cross-sectional survey involved seven Southeastern European countries. The questionnaire was developed using the modified Delphi method, pretested, and tested in North Italy during April 2020. The sample consisted of licensed dental professionals reached via national dental chambers and social media using the best strategies according to the national setting. Results: A total of 3227 dentists participated in the survey, and we included 643 specialists in this study—among them, 164 were pediatric dentists. Most pediatric dentists worked in the public sector (61.0%) and provided emergency (64.6%) and routine dental treatment (18.3%) during the outbreak. One-third of pediatric dentists were COVID-19 tested, statistically significantly more than other specialties, and 3.0% tested COVID-19 positive. In addition, significantly more pediatric dentists (13.4%) reported the presence of at least one symptom related to COVID-19 compared to other specialists (6.1%). None of the pediatric dentists reported PPE shortage. However, 26.2% of all specialists stated that they lacked clear step by step professional guidance in a national language. Similarly, in both groups, around 10% of specialists attended education on coronavirus. Conclusions: Considering that most pediatric dentists provided dental treatment during lockdown in their countries in public health centers and that they will continue to work during pandemic, our results suggest that pediatri