Examining the association between physical characteristics of green space and land Surface temperature: A case study of Ulsan, Korea

The rapid increase of impervious surfaces and the dense development that accompanies urban growth has reduced the amount of green space in urban landscapes and increased urban surface temperatures. Accordingly, the greening of urban spaces has been proposed as one approach to mitigating urban heat island (UHI) effects. To find the most practical green space design for reducing land surface temperatures (LSTs), we explored the effects of the physical characteristics of green spaces on cooling intensity and distance. The physical characteristics of green spaces were defined as shape, size, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the land-use type of their surroundings. LANDSAT 8 images were used to examine 30 green spaces in Ulsan, Korea. The analytical results showed that the cooling effect was mainly observed within 120 m of a green area and that the intensity of the cooling effects did not exceed 3.0 K. A belt-shaped green space had a greater cooling distance compared to a compact green space. We also found that the NDVI and size of a green space had a positive but non-linear association with cooling intensity.ope

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Role of Cooperatives and Participation of their Members in Agricultural Output Marketing: Empirical Evidence from Hetosa District, Ethiopia

Today, in an era where many people feel powerless to change their lives, cooperatives represent a strong, vibrant, and viable economic alternatives. Cooperatives are formed to meet peoples’ mutual needs. They are based on the powerful idea that together, a group of people can achieve goals that none of them could achieve alone. This research paper aims to analyse the role of cooperatives in agricultural output marketing, promoting linkages and to examine factors influencing the level of members’ participation. The cooperatives under investigation have played significant role in output marketing and promoting value adding linkages with different stakeholders. Results of the Tobit model revealed that: farm size, years of membership, amount of improved seed used, output produced and members’ perception on cooperatives price for agricultural outputs were significantly and positively related to the level of participation. Lack of equal opportunity of members in passing decisions, inefficient cooperatives’ employees and incompetent management committee members are found to be the major constraints which hinder cooperatives to properly deliver agricultural output marketing services. To this end, Government, NGOs and other stakeholders need to give emphasis on improving the organizational and institutional capacity of cooperatives

Tuning the electronic band structure of PCBM by electron irradiation

Tuning the electronic band structures such as band-edge position and bandgap of organic semiconductors is crucial to maximize the performance of organic photovoltaic devices. We present a simple yet effective electron irradiation approach to tune the band structure of [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) that is the most widely used organic acceptor material. We have found that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of PCBM up-shifts toward the vacuum energy level, while the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level down-shifts when PCBM is electron-irradiated. The shift of the HOMO and the LUMO levels increases as the irradiated electron fluence increases. Accordingly, the band-edge position and the bandgap of PCBM can be controlled by adjusting the electron fluence. Characterization of electron-irradiated PCBM reveals that the variation of the band structure is attributed to the molecular structural change of PCBM by electron irradiation

Towards a Better Understanding of Goal Orientations

Master'sMASTER OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

Investigating Influence of Hydrological Regime on Organic Matters Characteristic in a Korean Watershed

Source tracking of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is important to manage water quality in rivers. However, it is difficult to find the source of this DOM because various DOMs can be added from the river watershed. Moreover, the DOM composition can be changed due to environmental conditions. This study investigated the change of organic matter characteristics in the Taewha River of Ulsan City, Korea, before and after rainfall. A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate water flow from various sources, and dissolved organic matter characterization was conducted in terms of molecular size distribution, hydrophobicity, fluorescence excitation and emission, and molecular composition. From the results, it was found that lateral flow transported hydrophobic and large-molecule organic matter after rainfall. According to the orbitrap mass spectrometer analysis, the major molecular compound of the DOM was lignin. Coupling the SWAT model with organic matter characterization was an effective approach to find sources of DOM in river