3 research outputs found

    Conceptual and Methodological Elements for Cumulative Environmental Effects Assessment (CEEA) in Subtropical Forests. The Case of Eastern Salta, Argentina

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    En el norte argentino se ha producido una fuerte expansión agropecuaria a costa del desmonte de bosques xerofíticos. En la Provincia de Salta, entre 1977 y 2008 se desmontó 26% del total de bosques existentes. A fines de 2007, frente a la inminente sanción de la Ley Nº 26331 de Presupuestos Mínimos de Protección Ambiental de los Bosques Nativos, se registra el valor más alto de la historia con una tasa de desmonte de 2.1%. Frente a esta situación, comunidades originarias y criollas del este de Salta presentaron un recurso de amparo a la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, la cual solicitó a esta provincia la elaboración de una Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental Acumulativo (EIAAc) de los procesos de tala y desmonte en 4 departamentos. Los objetivos de este trabajo son proponer un marco conceptual para la EIAAc en el este de Salta y presentar evidencias y metodologías disponibles para la caracterización de esos impactos a partir de datos propios y de la literatura. El marco conceptual propuesto se basa en la cuantificación de los cambios en los niveles de provisión de servicios ecosistémicos (SE) en función de los factores de estrés y perturbación más importantes. Se analizaron los efectos del desmonte sobre cuatro SE clave: dinámica del C, balance de energía y emisión de gases con efecto invernadero (GEI), dinámica del agua y estructura del paisaje. Los desmontes generan emisiones de C superiores a 20 Gg C/año, disminuciones en la reflectancia de 1.1 watt/m2, emisiones de 2000 t de CH4, 200 t de N2O y 4400 TJ de energía radiativa por fuegos, aumentos del riesgo de salinización de suelos y fragmentación del paisaje. La consideración de estos aspectos provee elementos objetivos para la evaluación de alternativas de manejo y la elaboración de planes de seguimiento. Esto plantea no sólo desafíos técnicos sino también institucionales y políticos.Northern Argentina experienced an unprecedented deforestation rate of xerophitic forests as a consequence of agricultural expansion. In the Province of Salta, 26% of the forest were removed between 1977 and 2008. At the end of 2007, just before the No. 26331 Law of Native Forest Protection was voted by the Congress, the highest annual rate of deforestation was registered, reaching a value of 2.1%. Regarding this situation, indigenous people of Eastern Salta along with the ocriollosp (local small ranchers) appealed to the National Supreme Court of Justice for legal protection. The Court requested the province to elaborate a Cumulative Environmental Effects Assessment (CEEA) regarding the process of logging and deforestation in four departments of Salta Province (San Martín, Rivadavia, Santa Victoria, and Orán). The aim of this work is to present a conceptual framework to conduct a CEEA in eastern Salta and to present the evidences and existing methodologies to characterize the impacts of deforestation. The conceptual framework suggested depends on the quantitative characterization of the changes in the provision level of key ecosystem services as a function of the stress and/or disturbance level (in this case deforestation). Based on the literature and our own data, the effects of deforestation on four key ecosystem services have been assessed: C dynamics, energy balance and greenhouse gases emissions, water dynamics and landscape structure. Deforestation produced emissions of 2000 t of CH4, 200 t of N2O, above 20 Gg of C/year, a 1.1 watt/m2 reduction in reflected radiation and 4400 TJ radiative energy emissions caused by deforestation fires, increases in the risk of soil salinization and landscape fragmentation. Considering these aspects of the structure and functioning of the ecosystems provides objective elements to evaluate management alternatives and to elaborate monitoring programmes. To consider such management and monitoring alternatives arises technical challenges but also institutional and political ones

    Lost forever? Ecosystem functional changes occurring after agricultural abandonment and forest recovery in the semiarid Chaco forests

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    Semiarid forests are worldwide threatened by land use changes, particularly agriculture. However, in some cases, due to particular economic or social processes, agriculture ends and forests may or may not recover to their original state. Using different databases and satellite images integrated into a geographical information system, we located in the central region of the semiarid Chaco forests of Argentina adjacent land use patches of secondary forest (SF), remnant forest (RF) and crops (CP). Using a chronosequence approach, we evaluated changes in the fraction of the photosynthetic active radiation absorbed by the vegetation (FAPAR) between SF and RF and CP, using the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). We evaluated both intra and inter-annual changes in EVI mean (EVImean), EVI maximum (EVImax), EVI minimum (EVImin), and EVI relative range (EVIrr) as descriptors of FAPAR dynamics and analyzed their changes through time (2000 to 2010) and their relation to rainfall. Secondary forests showed higher seasonality and higher EVImean values than RF, but differences disappeared as time since agricultural abandonment increased, suggesting that SF recover their functioning (when compared to RF) after 10 to 15 years. Our results suggest that Chaco's SF have intermediate seasonal patterns in-between RF and CP, as expected by successional theory, and that FAPAR interception by RF appears to be dependent on previous year's precipitation. We found that, although all land uses showed similar precipitation use efficiency (PUE), SF and cropland's productivity were less stable across the years and showed faster increases or decreases compared to RF, depending on precipitation (higher precipitation marginal response- PMR). Our results suggest that at least some aspects of ecosystem functioning can be restored after agricultural abandonment. Future research that combines floristic and structural changes is necessary to fully understand secondary forests regrowth process after agricultural abandonment in the Chaco region.Fil: Basualdo, Maria de Los Angeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Instituto de Silvicultura y Manejo de Bosques; ArgentinaFil: Huykman, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Volante, José Norberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Paruelo, José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria ; UruguayFil: Piñeiro, Gervasio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentin
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