Identification of Two Enzymes for Trehalose Synthesis and Their Potential Function in Growth and Development in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Plant trehalose has been regarded to play a key role in various biological processes during the growth and development stages. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) are two important enzymes for the synthesis of plant trehalose. Up till now, the TPS and TPP gene families have been identified and characterized in numerous higher plant species, but are rarely recorded in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). In this study, a comprehensive search was performed to identify all putative TPS and TPP proteins in the peanut genome using Arabidopsis TPS and TPP proteins as queries. We then analyzed the characteristics of TPS and TPP members, including physic-chemical parameters, subcellular localization, phylogeny relationships, gene duplication, and expression patterns by various computational tools. As a result, a total of 17 ArahyTPS and 15 ArahyTPP genes were identified and annotated in the peanut genome, which was expanded by segmental duplication events. Our Neighbor-Joining based phylogenetic tree indicated that the ArahyTPS and ArahyTPP proteins could be categorized into three and two major branches. Gene structures and protein features analysis exhibited that the ArahyTPS and ArahyTPP proteins shared high structural and functional similarities. Based on previous RNA-Seq datasets, a majority of the ArahyTPS and ArahyTPP genes were found to specifically express in at least one major organ/tissue during the growth and development. This work will not only lead to a solid foundation on reveal the potential roles of ArahyTPS and ArahyTPP gene families in peanuts but also provide evidence to related trehalose research in other higher plant species

Growth and quality of hydroponic cultivated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) affected by the light intensity of red and blue LEDs

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of four light intensities (90, 140, 190 and 240 μmol m-2 s-1) provided by red-blue LED light (spectrum ratio: R660/B450 = 4/1) on the growth and quality of hydroponic cultivated spinach. The results showed that when the light intensity increased, plant height, leaf number, root length, leaf width, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight were increased but specific leaf weight and shoot-to-root ratio did not increase. The highest values of growth parameters were observed under 190 μmol m-2 s-1 treatment, while the lowest values were observed under 90 μmol m-2 s-1 treatment. At higher light intensities, K+, oxalic acid and nitrate contents tended to decrease but not Ca2+ content. Meanwhile, the highest values of Fe2+, crude fiber, soluble-solids, total polyphenol and vitamin C contents were observed under 190 μmol m-2 s-1 treatment, but 190 μmol m-2 s-1 treatment showed the lowest organic acid content. Our results indicated that among all experimental lighting treatments, 190 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensity showed the best effect on the growth and quality of hydroponic cultivated spinach

ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA BA DUNG DỊCH DINH DƯỠNG HOAGLAND, TC MOBI VÀ KNOP ĐẾN SINH TRƯỞNG, NĂNG SUẤT VÀ CHẤT LƯỢNG QUẢ CỦA CÂY CÀ CHUA CHANOKA F1 THỦY CANH

The nutrient solution is an important factor which directly affects the growth, yield, and quality of hydroponic crops. In this study, the effects of three common nutrient solutions, namely Hoagland, Knop and TC Mobi on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of tomato Chanoka F1 variety were evaluated. The results showed that the Hoagland solution had more positive influence on the growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics of tomato Chanoka F1 than the other two solutions. The plants grown in the Knop solution had the smallest yield and the poorest fruit quality. In addition, the nitrate content in the fruits was within the limit set by WHO for all of the three studied hydroponic solutions.Dung dịch dinh dưỡng trong phương pháp thủy canh là yếu tố quyết định đến năng suất và chất lượng cây trồng. Trong nghiên cứu này, ảnh hưởng của 3 dung dịch dinh dưỡng phổ biến gồm Hoagland, TC Mobi và Knop đến sinh trưởng, năng suất và chất lượng quả của cây cà giống Chanoka F1 đã được đánh giá. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, dung dịch Hoagland có tác động tích cực hơn tới các chỉ tiêu sinh trưởng và chất lượng quả của cây cà chua Chanoka F1 so với hai dung dịch còn lại. Cây cà chua trồng trong dung dịch Knop có năng suất và chất lượng thấp nhất. Hàm lượng nitrat trong quả nằm trong giới hạn an toàn của WHO khi cây được trồng trong cả ba dung dịch nghiên cứu

Feasibility, acceptability, and bacterial recovery for community-based sample collection to estimate antibiotic resistance in commensal gut and upper respiratory tract bacteria

Abstract Vietnam has high rates of antibiotic use and resistance. Measuring resistance in commensal bacteria could provide an objective indicator for evaluating the impact of interventions to reduce antibiotic use and resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and bacterial recovery for different sampling strategies. We conducted a cross-sectional mixed methods study in a rural community in Ha Nam Province, northern Vietnam, and collected structured interviews, samples, and in-depth interviews from households. Out of 389 households invited, 324 participated (83%), representing 1502 individuals. Samples were collected from these individuals (1498 stool, 1002 self-administered nasal swabs, and 496 HW-administered nasopharyngeal swabs). Pneumococci were recovered from 11.1% (128/1149) of the total population and 26.2% (48/183) of those under 5-years. Recovery was higher for health-worker (HW)-administered swabs (13.7%, 48/350) than self-administered swabs (10.0%, 80/799) (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.07–3.96). Cost per swab was cheaper for self-administered ($7.26) than HW-administered ($8.63) swabs, but the overall cost for 100 positive samples was higher ($7260 and$6300 respectively). Qualitative interviews revealed that HW-administered nasopharyngeal swabs took longer to collect, caused more discomfort, and were more difficult to take from children. Factors affecting participation included sense of contribution, perceived trade-offs between benefits and effort, and peer influence. Reluctance was related to stool sampling and negative perceptions of research. This study provides important evidence for planning community-based carriage studies, including cost, logistics, and acceptability. Self-administered swabs had lower recovery, and though cheaper and quicker, this would translate to higher costs for large population-based studies. Recovery might be improved by swab-type, transport medium, and better cold-chain to lab

The influence of host and bacterial genotype on the development of disseminated disease with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The factors that govern the development of tuberculosis disease are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that some strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) are more capable of causing disseminated disease than others and may be associated with polymorphisms in host genes responsible for the innate immune response to infection. We compared the host and bacterial genotype in 187 Vietnamese adults with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and 237 Vietnamese adults with uncomplicated pulmonary tuberculosis. The host genotype of tuberculosis cases was also compared with the genotype of 392 cord blood controls from the same population. Isolates of M. tuberculosis were genotyped by large sequence polymorphisms. The hosts were defined by polymorphisms in genes encoding Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2). We found a significant protective association between the Euro-American lineage of M. tuberculosis and pulmonary rather than meningeal tuberculosis (Odds ratio (OR) for causing TBM 0.395, 95% confidence intervals (C.I.) 0.193–0.806, P = 0.009), suggesting these strains are less capable of extra-pulmonary dissemination than others in the study population. We also found that individuals with the C allele of TLR-2 T597C allele were more likely to have tuberculosis caused by the East-Asian/Beijing genotype (OR = 1.57 [95% C.I. 1.15–2.15]) than other individuals. The study provides evidence that M. tuberculosis genotype influences clinical disease phenotype and demonstrates, for the first time, a significant interaction between host and bacterial genotypes and the development of tuberculosis

<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> lineages defined by large sequence polymorphism (LSP) analysis.

<p>The circles represent Region of difference (RD region) deleted in each lineage. Only East Asian, Indo-Oceanic and Euro-American lineages were identified in Vietnam.</p

Demographic data for cases of TBM and pulmonary tuberculosis recruited to the study.

a<p>Defined as the main place of residence on entry to the study. Urban addresses were those within the central districts of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC); sub-urban addresses were those within the outer districts of HCMC; rural (HCMC surrounds) addresses were in the immediate surrounding rural districts of HCMC; the other rural addresses were defined by whether they were south east or south west of HCMC.</p

<i>TLR</i>2 T597C SNP allele and bacterial genotype frequencies: comparison with host genotype distribution in the cord blood control group.

a<p>OR was calculated comparing each group to the genotype/allele distribution in the cord blood controls.</p

LSP lineages of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> isolates causing pulmonary and meningeal tuberculosis.

a<p>Undefined isolates failed to generate a product on repeated PCR for one of the two RD regions despite generating product for other PCRs; it is likely these isolates carried additional deletions or mutations in the primer region.</p>b<p>Odds ratio was calculated comparing the meningeal and pulmonary proportions for each lineage.</p