Exclusive breastfeeding of Swedish children and its possible influence on the development of obesity: a prospective cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Overweight and obesity are increasing among children all over the world. Socio-economic factors may influence the development of overweight and obesity in childhood, and it has been proposed that breastfeeding may protect against obesity. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and obesity when potential confounders, such as socioeconomic factors, are considered.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The data analyzed was from ABIS (All Babies in Southeast Sweden), a prospective cohort study. All parents with children born between October 1, 1997 and October 1, 1999 in Southeast Sweden (n = 21,700) were asked to participate. Parents were asked to answer periodic questionnaires from the time of the child's birth (n = 16,058) until he/she was five years of age (n = 7,356). Cutoffs for overweight and obesity were defined according to Cole et al, age and gender adjusted. Short-term exclusive breastfeeding was defined as < 4 months of exclusive breastfeeding. Multiple logistic regressions were used to identify variables that predict the child's BMI (Body Mass Index) at five years of age.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At five years of age, 12.9% of the children in the study wereoverweight and 4.3% were obese. At the age of three months, 78.4% of the children were being breastfed exclusively. The median exclusive breastfeeding duration was four months. High maternal BMI > 30 (AOR = 1.07; CI = 1.05–1.09; P < 0.001), maternal smoking (AOR = 1.43; CI = 1.05–1.95; P = 0.023) and being a single parent (AOR = 2.10; CI = 1.43–3.09; P < 0.001) were associated with short-term exclusive breastfeeding (less than 4 months). Short-term exclusive breastfeeding was less common if one of the parents had a university degree (Mother: AOR = 0.74; CI = 0.61–0.90; P = 0.003 Father: AOR = 0.73; CI = 0.58–0.92; P = 0.008) or if the father was more than 37 years old (AOR = 0.74; CI = 0.55–0.99; P = 0.045). Short-term exclusive breastfeeding was associated with obesity in five-year-old children (simple logistic regression: OR = 1.44; CI = 1.00–2.07; P = 0.050), but when including other independent factors in the analysis, short-term exclusive breastfeeding did not attain statistical significance.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We cannot exclude the possibility that exclusive breastfeeding influences weight development, but it does not seem to protect against obesity at five years of age.</p

The awareness of primary caregivers in South Africa of the human rights of their children with intellectual disabilities

BACKGROUND : Besides the right to freedom, human rights can be seen as a basic requirement also for the maintenance of human dignity and the opportunity to thrive – particularly in the case of children with disabilities. It is imperative to explore primary caregivers‟ awareness of the human rights of their children with intellectual disabilities in view of the role they may play in either facilitating or restricting these rights. This paper explores the awareness of 219 primary caregivers of the human rights of their children with intellectual disabilities. METHOD : A descriptive survey design was used with a custom-designed questionnaire that employed a deductive content analysis based on the articles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child. Comparisons were drawn between the awareness of primary caregivers from urban and those from rural areas. RESULTS : The majority (85.5%) of participants agreed that their child with intellectual disability had rights. Three broad kinds of rights were mentioned (in descending order): provision rights, protection rights and participation rights. Participants from both urban and rural areas mentioned education (a provision right) most frequently. However, participants from urban areas were more aware of the different rights that existed than were their counterparts from rural areas. CONCLUSION : Primary caregivers in both rural and urban areas are aware of the rights of their children with disabilities, although there are significant differences between them.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-22142017-11-30hb2016Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC

Agreement between children with long-term health conditions and their primary caregivers on reports of perceived participation

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors. For further inquiries, contact the corresponding author.BACKGROUND : There is limited knowledge regarding the perceived participation of children with long-term health conditions in everyday activities. Children may have perceptions that differ from those of their primary caregivers. It is unclear whether children and caregivers rate their participation in everyday situations in the same way. OBJECTIVES : We aimed to explore the level of agreement pertaining to perceived participation (attendance and involvement) and examine whether differences exist in the rank order of activities selected as the three most important between reports from children with long-term health conditions and their primary caregivers. METHODS : The simplified Chinese version of the Picture My Participation (PMP-C; Simplified) was used in an interview with children with long-term health conditions; meanwhile, their primary caregivers finished the questionnaire independently. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon tests, weighted kappa values, and Spearman’s rank order correlation. RESULTS : Children with long-term health conditions reported significantly lower attendance scores for six activity items (p < 0.05) and higher involvement scores for two activity items (p < 0.05) than their primary caregivers did. An overall slight to fair agreement in perceived participation was found at the child–caregiver dyad level, though differences in dyads were observed. A strong correlation was identified between the rank order of the most important activities for both groups (r = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS : Differences may exist between the perceived participation of children with long-term health conditions, as reported by primary caregivers and the children themselves. The findings highlight that children with long-term health conditions exhibit unique views with respect to their perceived participation and have to be asked regarding their perceptions themselves.The National Nature Science Foundation of China.https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciencesam2024Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

Human rights of children with intellectual disabilities : comparing self-ratings and proxy ratings

BACKGROUND : A child rights-based approach to research articulates well with Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and highlights the importance and value of including children’s own views about aspects that concern them. The aim of this study is to compare children with intellectual disability’s own ratings (as self-raters) to those of their primary caregivers (as proxy raters) regarding human rights of children. The study also aims to establish whether there is an inter-rater agreement between the self-raters and proxy raters concerning Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. METHOD : This study is nested in a larger study examining the human rights of children with intellectual disability in South Africa. In total, 162 children with intellectual disability from 11 schools across three provinces and their primary caregivers participated by answering parts of a Children’s Rights Questionnaire (CRQ) developed by the researchers based on the United Nation’s CRC.We compared the answers for six questions in the questionnaire that were addressed to self-raters (children) and proxy raters (primary caregivers) in the same way. RESULTS : Questions regarding basic needs, such as access to clean water or whether the child had food to eat at home, were answered similarly by self-raters and proxy raters. Larger differences were found when self-raters and proxy raters were asked about whether the child had things or friends to play with at home. Socio-economic variables seemed to affect whether self-raters and proxy raters answered similarly. CONCLUSION : The results underscore the importance of promoting children’s rights to express themselves by considering the opinions of both the children as self-raters and their primary caregivers as proxy raters – not only the latter. The results indicate that it is especially important to include children’s own voices when more complex needs are surveyed. Agreement between selfand proxy ratings could be affected by socio-economic circumstances.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-22142016-11-30hb201

Participation of children with long-term health conditions compared to that of healthy peers : a cross-sectional comparative study

BACKGROUND : Knowledge is limited on attendance and involvement of perceived participation of children with long-term health conditions. AIMS : To evaluate the perceived participation of children with long-term health conditions and to compare their participation with that of healthy peers. MATERIAL AND METHODS : A cross-sectional comparative study was designed using self-reported data from 65 children with long-term health conditions and from 65 healthy peers, utilising the simplified Chinese version of Picture My Participation (PMP-C; Simplified). RESULTS : The frequency scores of children with long-term health conditions were significantly lower than those of healthy peers in terms of attendance for the total domain and for 13 activity items. The involvement scores of children with long-term health conditions were significantly lower than those of healthy children in 3 items. There was a strong correlation between rank orders of the most important activities for the two groups (r = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS : Children with long-term health conditions participated less in activities compared to healthy children. Further studies are required to investigate factors of the participation of children. SIGNIFICANCE : The PMP-C (Simplified) offered an opportunity for children to express their own perspectives of participation based on their individual experience of the activity.The National Nature Science Foundation of China.https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/iocc20hj2024Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC)Non

Children in South Africa with and without intellectual disabilities’ rating of their frequency of participation in everyday activities

In a low-and middle-income country (LMIC) such as South Africa, not much is known about how children with intellectual disabilities (ID) participate in everyday activities, as no studies to date have compared their participation to peers without ID from the same background. Using a newly developed, contextually valid measure of participation, Picture my Participation (PmP), 106 children with (73) and without ID (33), rated their frequency of participation in activities of daily living. Previous international research has established that children with ID tend to participate less frequently than children without ID in everyday activities outside of the school setting. However, much of this research is based on proxy ratings from caregivers rather than children with ID themselves. There is a growing body of evidence that suggests children with disabilities have uniquely different views of their own participation than their caregivers. The existing research evidence is also delimited to studies conducted predominantly in high income contexts (HICSs). Since it is universally acknowledged that participation patterns are affected by the environment, it is important to evaluate the generalizability of the current evidence to LMICs. The current study found that there were many similar patterns of participation between the two groups although significant differences were noted in social, community, leisure and self-care activities. We compare these results to findings from studies conducted in HICs and find that there are similarities but also differences across contexts. This study highlights the importance of gaining a child’s perspective of participation and understanding how intellectual disability can affect participation relative to peers without ID in LMICS.The National Research Foundation (NRF), South Africa and the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT).http://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerphpm2021Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC

Agreement between children with long-term health conditions and their primary caregivers on reports of perceived participation

BackgroundThere is limited knowledge regarding the perceived participation of children with long-term health conditions in everyday activities. Children may have perceptions that differ from those of their primary caregivers. It is unclear whether children and caregivers rate their participation in everyday situations in the same way.ObjectivesWe aimed to explore the level of agreement pertaining to perceived participation (attendance and involvement) and examine whether differences exist in the rank order of activities selected as the three most important between reports from children with long-term health conditions and their primary caregivers.MethodsThe simplified Chinese version of the Picture My Participation (PMP-C; Simplified) was used in an interview with children with long-term health conditions; meanwhile, their primary caregivers finished the questionnaire independently. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon tests, weighted kappa values, and Spearman's rank order correlation.ResultsChildren with long-term health conditions reported significantly lower attendance scores for six activity items (p &lt; 0.05) and higher involvement scores for two activity items (p &lt; 0.05) than their primary caregivers did. An overall slight to fair agreement in perceived participation was found at the child–caregiver dyad level, though differences in dyads were observed. A strong correlation was identified between the rank order of the most important activities for both groups (r = 0.81).ConclusionsDifferences may exist between the perceived participation of children with long-term health conditions, as reported by primary caregivers and the children themselves. The findings highlight that children with long-term health conditions exhibit unique views with respect to their perceived participation and have to be asked regarding their perceptions themselves

Agreement between participation ratings of children with intellectual disabilities and their primary caregivers

BACKGROUND : Participation of children with ID it is argued must be understood in relation to the fit with the environment. Since caregivers are a vital factor within the close environment of a child with intellectual disability, their perceptions are unequivocally important. AIMS : The main aim of this study is to describe the self-reported participation of children with ID and the perceptions of their primary caregivers. Both frequency of attendance and perceived importance of activity was measured with self-reported and proxy-reports. METHODS AND & PROCEDURES : A custom developed Picture my Participation (PmP) survey was utilised in an interview format with children with intellectual disability whilst their primary caregivers completed the survey independently. RESULTS : Overall, the perceptions of children with intellectual disabilities and of primary caregivers showed similarities regarding attendance and activities considered important. On group level, both children and primary caregivers perceived the child to have a high level of attendance of Formal learning in school, Family mealtime, Interacting with family and Celebrations. An overall poor agreement in perceived frequency of attendance was found. However, in child-primary cargiver-dyads poor agreement in perceived frequency of attendance was found. CONCLUSIONS : While primary caregivers and children’s ratings of attendance and selection of the most important activities appeared somewhat similar, there was a noted difference, in that primary caregivers’ were uniform in their selection, whilst there was a diversity in the selection of activities amongst children.The South African National Research Foundation (NRF) (101566) and the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT) (SA2015-6253).https://www.elsevier.com/locate/redevdis2021-09-01hj2021Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC

Voices of children with intellectual disabilities on participation in daily activities

BACKGROUND : Participation in daily activities is expressed as a human right. Full participation of children with disabilities in daily activities creates optimal opportunities for learning and development. Previous studies have focused primarily on proxy ratings of participation of children with intellectual disabilities in daily activities. However, little is known about how the children rate barriers and facilitators to their participation in everyday activities. OBJECTIVES : To identify barriers to and facilitators for everyday activities as experienced by children with intellectual disabilities from low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries. The research questions were as follows: ‘what barriers to participation do children with disabilities experience in everyday activities?’ and ‘what facilitators to participation do children with disabilities experience in everyday activities?’ METHOD : A qualitative content analyses was used in this study, and individual interviews were conducted with 49 children with intellectual disabilities. The interviews were performed using pictures. The children also selected the most important activities and described in their own words the facilitators and barriers relevant to being able to perform the activities. RESULTS : The most important activities were organised leisure activities, formal learning at school, taking care of other family members and family mealtimes. Self-reported barriers identified were personal functioning, social exclusion and lack of resources. The identified facilitators included satisfaction, personal capability, being included and having access to resources. CONCLUSION : These findings provide important knowledge about the factors to consider in the development of interventions, aimed at improving the participation of children with intellectual disabilities.The National Research Foundation (NRF) and Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT).http://www.ajod.orgpm2021Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC