China’s Image from the Perspective of the Developmental State: What Kind of “Developmental State” is China?

The developmental state has become a popular definition used to discuss the “China Model”. Based on the developmental state, various definitions have originated. Concepts such as new developmental states and neo-developmentalism are widely applied to describe Chinese development. This paper summarizes representative opinions in examining China from the perspective of the developmental state, and reevaluates the specificity and characteristics of the Chinese developmental state in terms of structural dynamism. We believe that the developmental state as a concept is not precisely defined. Instead, its application and extension must incorporate considerations of historical specificity and subject continuity. Considering such initial constraints as politics, economics, and military conditions, China differs significantly from other classic examples of East Asian developmental states. Consequently, China would also face different developmental paths, directions, corresponding policies, and measures from those of other developmental states. The East Asian experiences of developmental states only offer limited scope for reference. Still, in terms of effective integration between markets, governments, and societies, their experiences and lessons prove worthy for consideration and reflection

Estimation of Active Earth Pressure for Narrow Unsaturated Backfills Considering Soil Arching Effect and Interlayer Shear Stress

Affected by climatic conditions such as rainfall, evaporation and air temperature, most of the backfill soil is in an unsaturated state, and the decrease in matric suction leads to the failure of the retaining structure. In view of this, this study takes the vertical rigid retaining wall with narrow unsaturated backfill as the research object, assuming that the backfill behind the wall forms a circular soil arch and considering the interlayer shear stress; thus, the analytical solution of the active earth pressure of narrow unsaturated soil is derived based on the thin layer element method. The reliability of this method is verified by comparing with the experimental and existing theoretical results. A parameter analysis demonstrates that with the increase in the interface friction angle of the moving wall–soil, the average shear stress coefficient of zone I and zone II increases gradually, but with the increase in the interface friction angle of the fixed wall–soil, the average shear stress coefficient of zone I decreases; with the increase in effective internal friction angle and effective cohesion, the active earth pressure decreases and the tension crack depth increases; with the increase in the interface friction angle, the active earth pressure in the upper part of the retaining wall increases slightly, while the active earth pressure in the lower part decreases obviously; with the increase in matric suction, the active earth pressure first decreases rapidly and then increases gradually, and the tension crack depth first increases and then decreases, but the distribution pattern of the horizontal active earth pressure remains unchanged; the active earth pressure decreases with the decrease in the aspect ratio, and when the aspect ratio is smaller, the attenuation is more obvious; until the aspect ratio reaches a certain value, the active earth pressure is basically unchanged

Multi-Scale Measurement of Regional Inequality in Mainland China during 2005–2010 Using DMSP/OLS Night Light Imagery and Population Density Grid Data

This study used the Night Light Development Index (NLDI) to measure the regional inequality of public services in Mainland China at multiple scales. The NLDI was extracted based on a Gini Coefficient approach to measure the spatial differences of population distribution and night light distribution. Population data were derived from the dataset of China’s population density grid, and night light data were acquired from satellite imagery. In the multi-scale analysis, we calculated the NLDI for China as a whole, eight economic regions, 31 provincial regions, and 354 prefectural cities for the two years of 2005 and 2010. The results indicate that Southwest China and Northwest China are the regions with the most unequal public services, with NLDI values of 0.7116 and 0.7251 for 2005, respectively, and 0.6678 and 0.6304 for 2010, respectively. In contrast, Northern Coastal China had the lowest NLDI values of 0.4775 and 0.4312 for 2005 and 2010, respectively, indicating that this region had the most equal public services. Also, the regional inequality of Mainland China in terms of NLDI has been reduced from 0.6161 to 0.5743 during 2005–2010. The same pattern was observed from the provincial and prefectural analysis, suggesting that public services in Mainland China became more equal within the five-year period. A regression analysis indicated that provincial and prefectural regions with more public services per capita and higher population density had more equal public services

Generalized sleep decoding with basal ganglia signals in multiple movement disorders.

Sleep disturbances profoundly affect the quality of life in individuals with neurological disorders. Closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) holds promise for alleviating sleep symptoms, however, this technique necessitates automated sleep stage decoding from intracranial signals. We leveraged overnight data from 121 patients with movement disorders (Parkinsons disease, Essential Tremor, Dystonia, Essential Tremor, Huntingtons disease, and Tourettes syndrome) in whom synchronized polysomnograms and basal ganglia local field potentials were recorded, to develop a generalized, multi-class, sleep specific decoder - BGOOSE. This generalized model achieved 85% average accuracy across patients and across disease conditions, even in the presence of recordings from different basal ganglia targets. Furthermore, we also investigated the role of electrocorticography on decoding performances and proposed an optimal decoding map, which was shown to facilitate channel selection for optimal model performances. BGOOSE emerges as a powerful tool for generalized sleep decoding, offering exciting potentials for the precision stimulation delivery of DBS and better management of sleep disturbances in movement disorders