Distributed Key Management to Secure IoT Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart-Agro

With the deepening of the research and development in the field of embedded devices, the paradigm of the Internet of things (IoT) is gaining momentum. Its technology’s widespread applications increasing the number of connected devices constantly. IoT is built on sensor networks, which are enabling a new variety of solutions for applications in several fields (health, industry, defense, agrifood and agro sectors, etc.). Wireless communications are indispensable for taking full advantage of sensor networks but implies new requirements in the security and privacy of communications. Security in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a major challenge for extending IoT applications, in particular those related to the smart-agro. Moreover, limitations on processing capabilities of sensor nodes, and power consumption have made the encryption techniques devised for conventional networks not feasible. In such scenario, symmetric-key ciphers are preferred for key management in WSN; key distribution is therefore an issue. In this work, we provide a concrete implementation of a novel scalable group distributed key management method and a protocol for securing communications in IoT systems used in the smart agro sector, based on elliptic curve cryptography, to ensure that information exchange between layers of the IoT framework is not affected by sensor faults or intentional attacks. In this sense, each sensor node executes an initial key agreement, which is done through every member’s public information in just two rounds and uses some authenticating information that avoids external intrusions. Further rekeying operations require just a single message and provide backward and forward security

Характеристики комбінованого (Si та Ge) інвертора FinFET-CMOS на основі співвідношення транзисторів навантаження до драйверу

У статті пропонується новий метод адаптивного вибору найкращого співвідношення плавців драйвера до навантажувального транзистора логічного інвертора CMOS FinFET відповідно до кращих значень запасу по шуму та напруги перегину з порівнянням при використанні комбінованих Si і Ge як навантаження та/або напівпровідникового каналу драйвера в логічній схемі інвертора CMOS FinFET. Методика оптимізації співвідношення плавців драйвера до транзистора навантаження сильно залежить від поліпшення запасу по шуму та напруги перегину вихідних характеристик логічного інвертора CMOS. Першим кроком у цьому дослідженні інвертора CMOS-FinFET є отримання вихідних характеристик (Id-Vd) FinFET, а потім використання моделі моделювання MATLAB для створення передавальних характеристик CMOS FinFET. Досліджено передавальні характеристики логічного інвертора CMOS-FinFET із співвідношенням плавців Np/Nn 5/1, 4/1, 3/1, 2/1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5. Запаси по шуму та напруга перегину використовуються як критичні фактори для отримання оптимального співвідношення плавців (Np/Nn). Результати показують, що оптимізація залежить від співвідношення плавців для всіх комбінованих напівпровідникових інверторів FinFET. Результати показують, що найкращі співвідношення для Si:Si, Si:Ge, Ge:Si та G:Ge становлять 2:1, 1:4, 2:1 та 1:3 відповідно.This paper proposes a novel method to adaptively select the best driver to load transistor fin ratio of CMOS FinFET logic inverter according to the best values of noise margins and inflection voltage with a comparison of the use of different and combined Si and Ge as a load and/or driver semiconductor channel in CMOS FinFET inverter logic circuit. The methodology of optimizing the driver to load transistor fin ratio depends strongly on improving the noise margins and inflection voltage of the output characteristics of CMOS logic inverter. The first step in this investigation of CMOS-FinFET-inverter is to obtain the output characteristics (Id-Vd) of the FinFET, and then use the MATLAB simulation model to create CMOS FinFET transfer characteristics. Transfer characteristics of CMOS-FinFET-logic inverter are studied with fin ratios Np/Nn of 5/1, 4/1, 3/1,2/1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5. Noise margins and inflection voltage are used as critical factors to obtain the optimal fin ratio (Np/Nn). The results indicate that optimization depends strongly on the fin ratio for all combined semiconductor loads to FinFET driver inverters. The results show that the best ratios for Si:Si, Si:Ge, Ge:Si, and G:Ge are 2:1, 1:4, 2:1, and 1:3 respectively

A Secure and Efficient Method to Protect Communications and Energy Consumption in IoT Wireless Sensor Networks

The rapid growth of technology has resulted in the deployment of a large number of interconnected devices, resulting in a wide range of new societal services. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a promising technology which is faced with the challenges of operating a large number of sensor nodes, information gathering, data transmission, and providing a means to act in different scenarios such as monitoring, surveillance, forest fire detection, and many others from the civil to military spectrum. The deployment scenario, the nature of the sensor-equipped nodes, and their communication methods make this architecture extremely vulnerable to attacks, tampering, and manipulation than conventional networks. Therefore, an optimal solution to ensure security in such networks which captures the major constraints of the network in terms of energy utilization, secured data transmission, bandwidth, and memory fingerprint to process data is required. This work proposes a fast, reliable, and secure method of key distribution and management that can be used to ensure the integrity of wireless sensor networks’ communications. Moreover, with regards to efficient energy utilization, an improvement of the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm (a cluster routing protocol that is mainly used in WSN) has been proposed to enhance the networks’ energy efficiency, simplicity, and load-balancing features. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a combination of a distributed key exchange and management methods based on elliptic curve cryptography to ensure security of node communication and an improved routing protocol based on the LEACH protocol to demonstrate better performance in parameters such as network lifespan, dead nodes, and energy consumption