FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARVEDILOL NANOEMULSION ORAL LIQUID DOSAGE FORM

Objective: Carvedilol is antihypertensive. It is practically water insoluble. Therefore, the objective of this investigation is a formulation and characterization of carvedilol nano emulsion (NE) employing orally to increase carvedilol solubility for enhancing of carvedilol bioavailability.Methods: The formulation components were chosen according to the solubility study. The diagrams of pseudo-ternary phase were made using the aqueous phase titration method. The formulated nanoemulsions were subjected to various thermodynamic stability assays. We selected eight of formulas that have thermodynamic stability for further optimization for various characterizations in order to select the best formula.Results: The carvedilol NE3 considered a selected formula. It composes of 1.25 mg carvedilol per g of the nanoemulsion, 10 % of peppermint oil, 20% of tween80, 10% ethanol and 60% of distilled water. It was characterized by a low globule size range, low poly dispersity index, higher zeta potential, good pH value, efficient electroconductivity, classy percent of light transmittance, higher % drug content, acceptable low viscosity and carvedilol release was significantly higher (P<0.05) in dissolution rate. The carvedilol NE3 subject for further investigations. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy confirm no incompatibility between the drug and excipients. The atomic force microscopy study shows that system in nanoscale and has high stability.Conclusion: The selected formula (carvedilol NE3) was a promising nanoemulsion formula that increases the carvedilol solubility result in an increment of its bioavailability.Â

Natural convection in a square inclined enclosure with vee-corrugated sidewalls subjected to constant flux heating from below

Two-dimensional steady natural convective flow in a square inclined enclosure with vertical vee-corrugated sidewalls and horizontal top and bottom surfaces has been numerically studied. A discrete heat flux strip of 24% of the total length is flush-mounted on the bottom wall, while the other non-heated parts of the bottom wall and the top wall are considered adiabatic. The two vee-corrugated sidewalls are maintained at constant cold temperature. Grashof number is varied from 103 to 106, corrugation frequency is varied from 0.5 to 2.0, corrugation amplitude has been fixed at 10% of the enclosure height and the enclosure inclination angle is varied to 0◦, 10◦, 20◦ and 30◦ respectively. The enclosure is filled with air (Pr = 0.71). The flow has been assumed to be steady and laminar. Fluid properties have been assumed constant except for the density change with temperature that gives rise to the buoyancy forces. The solution has been obtained using the governing equations written in terms of dimensionless variables. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using finite volume method. Results are presented in the form of streamline and isotherm plots. The results of the present work show that the natural convection phenomenon is greatly affected by increasing the enclosure inclination angle. The variation in the average Nusselt number at the bottom wall, where the heat source exists and the maximum dimensionless temperature are also presented. The results are compared and found to be in a good agreement with other published results

Suggesting new words to extract keywords from title and abstract

When talking about the fundamentals of writing research papers, we find that keywords are still present in most research papers, but that does not mean that they exist in all of them, we can find papers that do not contain keywords. Keywords are those words or phrases that accurately reflect the content of the research paper. Keywords are an exact abbreviation of what the research carries in its content. The right keywords may increase the chance of finding the article or research paper and chances of reaching more people who should reach them. The importance of keywords and the essence of the research and address is mainly to attract these highly specialized and highly influential writers in their fields and who specialize in reading what holds the appropriate characteristics but they do not read and cannot read everything. In this paper, we extract new keywords by suggesting a set of words, these words were suggested according to the many mentioned in the researches with multiple disciplines in the field of computer. In our system, we take a number of words (as many as specified in the program) that come before the proposed words and consider it as new keywords. This system proved to be effective in finding keywords that correspond to some extent with the keywords developed by the author in his research

Numerical Simulation of Buoyancy- Driven Laminar Flow Through An Air –Filled Isosceles Triangular Enclosure With A Differentially Heated Side Walls And An Adiabatic Bottom Wall

Thermal And Flow Fields Due To Laminar Free Convection In An IsoscelesTriangular Enclosure Having Thick Conducting Sidewalls Have Been InvestigatedComputationally. Inclined Left And Right Side Walls Are Maintained AtIsothermal Hot And Cold Temperatures Respectively While The Bottom Wall IsConsidered Adiabatic. Problem Has Been Analyzed And The Non-DimensionalGoverning Equations Are Solved Using Finite Volume Approach And EmployingMore Nodes At The Fluid–Solid Interface. Triangular Enclosure Is Assumed ToBe Filled With An Air With A Prandtl Number Of 0.7. Rayleigh Number VariesFrom 103 To 106 Where The Flow And Thermal Fields Are Computed For VariousRayleigh Numbers. Consequently, It Was Observed That The Stream FunctionAnd Temperature Contours Strongly Change With High Rayleigh Number. TheStreamline And Isotherm Plots And The Variations Of The Average NusseltNumber At The Hot Left And The Cold Right Side Walls Are Also Presented. TheResults Explained A Good Agreement With Another Published Results

Investigation of Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanocarriers for Oral Felodipine Delivery: Formulation, Method, In-vitro and Ex-vivo Evaluation

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Comparative Study of Water Desalination using Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Electro-dialysis Systems (ED): Review

The increasing drinking water demand in many countries leads to an increase in the use of desalination plants, which are considered a great solution for water treatment processes. Reverse osmosis (RO) and electro-dialysis (ED) systems are the most popular membrane processes used to desalinate water at high salinity. Both systems work by separating the ionic contaminates and disposing of them as a brine solution, but ED uses electrical current as a driving force while RO uses osmotic pressure. A direct comparison of reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis systems is needed to highlight process development similarities and variances. This work aims to provide an overview of previous studies on reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis systems related to membrane module and design processes; energy consumption; cost analysis; operational problems; efficiency of saline removal; and environmental impacts of brine disposal. RO system uses osmotic pressure as a driving force to force water through the membrane with less energy than other desalination systems. The enhancements in membrane materials and power recovery of the unit have massively decreased the price of RO units. ED system uses an electrical current to push dissolved ions across ion exchange membranes. The results of this review showed that desalination plants must be integrated with renewable energy to reduce power consumption and costs related to energy. Various technologies, including treatment processes and disposal methods, must be used to control concentrated solutions resulting from desalination processes because 5 to 33% of the total cost of the desalination process is associated with brine disposal.

Morphological and Histological study of the cecum and colon in adult local Camelus dromedarius

The present study was designed to describe the morphological and histological structures of the cecum and colon in adult local one humped camel in Iraq. Specimens of cecum and colon were collected from five healthy male camels between 4-5 years old. The samples were collected immediately after slaughtering and transferred to the laboratory of anatomy/ College of veterinary medicine for further processing. For gross study, the intestinal tract was separated and dissecting it away from it attachments to the dorsal abdomen wall. The cecum appeared as smooth cylindrical sac and its measuring were (51.35± 6.40) cm. (72.5± 9.4) gm. (0.124 ± 0.07) cm for mean total length, weight (weight after empty of the part) and wall thickness respectively. The colon was appeared as one long continuous hollow tube with externally smooth and divided into ascending, transverse and descending parts. Histologically, the cecum and colon wall was composed of the four tunicae (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa or adventitia). The tunica mucosa was the inner layer lined of the cecum and colon lumen. The mean thickness of these tunica in colon was more than that in cecum (487.9±26.6) μm, (366.7±34.1) μm respectively. The tunica mucosa revealed three different layers including: lining epithelium, lamina propria with glands and muscularis mucosa. The colon epithelium revealed large number of Lieberkuhn crypts and goblet cells reached (31 ± 4), (262 ± 11) respectively, more than that in cecum (27 ± 5), (218 ± 12) respectively. The submucosa consist of irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue, numerous blood vessels. The mean thickness of these tunica in cecum was more than that in colon (243.2±44.3) μm and (124.8±16.6) μm respectively. Tunica muscularis was composed of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers with mean thickness of these tunica in colon was more than that in cecum (694.7±37.4) μm and (513.9±46.3) μm respectively. The tunica serosa or adventitia was consist of loose connective tissues with mean thickness of these tunica in colon was more than that in cecum (212.7±14.1) μm and (187.9±17.6) μm respectively. In conclusion, this study identified the morphological and histological features of adult Camelus dromedaries colon and cecum

A Review In Medical, Pharmacological and Industrial Importance of Roselle <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em> L.

Medicinal plants and plants occupy a major place in the world’s agricultural and industrial production as the main source of pharmaceutical drugs or as a source of active substances that are used in the preparation of medicine. The Roselle plant Hibiscus sabdariffa L.(Malvaceae Family) is known in Arabic as “karkade” and “Roselle”. The continental regions of Africa and Asia are the original home of the Roselle. The months of March and April and proceeds to reap the fruits during the months of October to the end of December. Recent researches and studies have pointed to the use of Roselle plant in the medical, food and industrial fields. It is used in the manufacture of jellies and jams. The syrup is added to some medical preparations. It is refreshing, moisturizing, and helps digestion. It is also a useful drink in the cases of bile. It causes urination and acts as an antifungal agent. and is used in the treatment of high blood pressure, It is also used in cancer treatment

Studying the effects of a longitudinal magnetic field and discrete isoflux heat source size on natural convection inside a tilted sinusoidal corrugated enclosure

AbstractIn the present work, the effects of the longitudinal magnetic field and the heat source size on natural convection heat transfer through a tilted sinusoidal corrugated enclosure for different values of enclosure inclination angles are analyzed and solved numerically by using the finite volume technique based on body fitted control volumes with a collected variable arrangement. A constant heat flux source is discretely embedded at the central part of the bottom wall whereas the remaining parts of the bottom wall and the upper wall are assumed adiabatic, and two vertical sinusoidal corrugated walls are maintained at a constant low temperature. The range of the variable parameters considered in the present analysis is as follows: the enclosure inclination angle is varied from 0° to 135°, the ratio of the size of the heating element to enclosure width varied from 20 to 80% of enclosure reference length, Hartmann number is varied from 0 to 100, and Rayleigh number varied from 103 to 106. Liquid gallium with constant Prandtl number (0.02) is used as a working fluid with constant properties except the density. The obtained results indicated that streamlines are affected strongly by the magnetic field especially for small values of inclination angle (Φ=0°) and Rayleigh number (Ra=103–106). The magnetic field effect decreases with an increase in the enclosure inclination angle (Φ>0°) especially for large values of Rayleigh number. The increase in Hartmann number will cause the temperature lines to become symmetrical in shape for large values of Rayleigh number (Ra=105–106). The results also explain that the temperature lines are very little affected by the inclination angle especially for small values of (ε=0.4) and (Ra=104), but this effect will increase especially for (ε=0.8) and (Ra=106). The Nusselt number increases first with an increase in inclination angle (0°≤Φ≤45°), then is slightly affected for (45°<Φ≤90°), and finally decreases for (90°<Φ≤135°). An empirical correlation is developed by using Nusselt number versus Hartmann and Rayleigh numbers, and enclosure inclination angle. The increase in Hartmann number and the ratio of heating element to enclosure width will decrease the Nusselt number. Furthermore, four mathematical correlations are extracted from the results and presented, which can be used to accurately predict the average Nusselt number in terms of enclosure inclination angle, Hartmann, and Rayleigh numbers

Effect of Moxifloxacin-Triple Therapy Versus Clarithromycin-Triple Therapy for the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori Infections Regarding to Age and BMI.

Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) is one of the most common infectious human pathogens, which infected more   than (50%) of the populations worldwide. • pylori induce inflammation, which causes of upper gastrointestinal illnesses including dyspepsia, peptic ulcer  diseases, gastroesophageal reflux disease and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. It is important to use a greatly effective and better tolerated eradication regimen. In this study, fifty newly diagnosed adult patients with H. pylori infection were included, they were allocated into two groups with two different treatment regimens for H. pylori eradications; Group A (25 patients) received oral conventional clarithromycin-triple therapy for 14 days. Group B (25 patients) received oral moxifloxacin triple therapy for 14 days. The results reported in this study indicated a significant higher eradication rate of triple moxifloxacin regimen (80%) of patients with H. pylori infections compared to that of triple clarithromycin regimen (52%). In the present study, using different H.pylori eradication regimens for patients with different age groups demonstrated no statistically significant differences in eradication rate achieved (p< 0.05). The result of this study showed that triple moxifloxacin therapy produced a significant higher eradication rate than clarithromycin triple therapy among normal weight patients with H. pylori infection (100% and 50% respectively (p=0.032)), while there was no significance difference among overweight and obese patients (p< 0.05) between the two groups. The present study concluded that the administration of moxifloxacin triple regimen for H. pylori eradication, demonstrated eradication effectiveness was significantly higher compared to that of clarithromycin triple regimen