Glucose transporters in the blood-brain barrier

The central nervous system and peripheral nerves are guarded against free access from the outside by the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid and blood-nerve barriers. The glucose transporter GLUT1 mediates the specific transfer of glucose across these barriers while GLUT3 is a high-affinity isoform of Type I glucose transporter expressed mostly in neurons where it is believed to be the main glucose transporter isoform. As for a long time it was an open question whether GLUT1 and GLUT3 are present in the olfactory system, the aim of the present study was to give answers to these questions. In the study mucous membranes of the olfactory region of 20 male Wistar rats were studied by double immunofluorescence labeling. As the result of the study, the immunolocalization of glucose transporters GLUT1 in the endothelial cells of the olfactory mucosa and GLUT3 expression in olfactory receptor neurons were detected

Dexamethasone-induced T-lymphocyte apoptosis in different lymphoid organs

The aim of our study was the comparison of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEXA) influence on T-lymphocytes in central (thymus) and peripheral (spleen, lymphatic nodes) immune organs. For that reason therapeutic doses of DEXA were used followed by histological, histochemical (TUNEL) as well as computerized histomorphometrical investigations. In the study 36 young adult Wistar rats performed. 1–7 days after 3 days injection of DEXA (total dose 1,2 mg/rat i.p.) the material was taken for futher investigations. First days after DEXA administration in therapeutic doses the number of apoptotic cells was considerably increased in the cortical part of thymus. No significant changes were in rest of thymus as well as in peripheral immune organs. 7 days after DEXA-induced injury the number of apoptotic cells had decreased almost to the normal level. Our investigations conclude that the most sensitive for the dexamethasone-induced T-lymphocyte apoptosis is cortex of thymus while the changes in medullary area of thymus and peripheral immune organs – spleen and perithymic lymphatic nodes – are less significant. Week after drug cessation the apoptotic changes are almost at normal level in both types of lymphoid organs

Remembering Ülo Hussar – Estonian professor of histology and embryology

Remembering Ülo Hussar – Estonian professor of histologyand embryolog

Apoptosis regulator BCL-2

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is required for the removal of infected, damaged or unwanted cells. Inadequate cell death is a major contributing factor to tumorigenesis, while excess cell death contributes to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases.Current investigations suggest the mechanisms by which Bcl-2 might prevent cell death. Bcl-2 family members mediate anti-apoptotic signals in a wide variety of human cell systems. Bcl-2 protein family, through its role in the regulation of apoptotic pathways, is possibly related to cancer pathophysiology. This review article discribes some pathways how apoptotic cell death is controlled by this protein family

Histochemical and immunohistochemical investigation of pelvic symhysis of Holstein-Friesian cattle

Although the knowledge on morphological changes in cattle pelvic symphysis during gestation and obstetrics gives valuable information about the age of optimal primary calving of cows, up to now little research has been carried out about the ossification of pelvic symphysis. The aim of the study was to carry out histochemical and immunohistochemical comparative investigation of pelvic symphysis in calves, in-calfed and after-calved Estonian Holstein- Friesian’s (EHF) cattle.The material from the cranial part of the pubic bone, pubo-ischiadic junction, symphyseal eminence and the body of the interischiadic bone was taken for immunohistochemical investigation from eight EHF cows divided into three age groups: calves, in-calfed and after-calved EHF’s. Specimen were fixed with 10% formalin, demineralized thereafter in EDTA and embedded into paraffin, slices 7 μm in thickness were cut followed by histochemical staining by Safranin-O and immunohistochemical staining by primary antibodies Collagen-II and Periostin (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA). Immunohistochemical staining was carried out according to the manufacturers quidleines (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).Our investigations proved that the main morphological changes, the retardation of ossification processes, in the pelvic symphysis occur in adult EHF kines during the second-half of gestation in the pubo-ischiadic junction

Roti sääreluu posttraumaatilise reparatsiooni võrdlev elektronmikroskoopiline uurimine kinnise murru, osteotoomia ja perforatsiooni korral

Artiklis on tutvustatud tööd, mille eesmärgiks oli uurida elektronmikroskoopiliselt trauma järgset luu paranemist roti sääreluu kinnise murru, osteotoomia ja perforatsiooni esimestel operatsioonijärgsetel nädalatel. Leiti, et kuigi luu paranemise staadiumid on üldjoontes sarnased, sõltub luu reparatsiooni iseloom trauma tüübist (kinnise murru järel indirektne, osteotoomia puhul primaarselt periosteaalne, sekundaarselt endosteaalne ja perforatsiooni järel primaarselt endosteaalne, sekundaarselt periosteaalne ossifikatsioon) ning kahjustuse ulatusest, samuti on treeningul luu reparatsiooni stimuleeriv, immobilisatsioonil aga inhibeeriv mõju. Tulemused andsid olulist informatsiooni rakusiseste muutuste ja intratsellulaarse substantsi sünteesi kohta erinevate traumade korral. Eesti Arst 2007; 86 (1): 1–

Effect of t-2 mycotoxin on glut-2 expression in the broiler's gastrointestinal tract

T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is a naturally occurring mold by product of Fusarium spp. fungus which is toxic to humans and animals. Deleterious effects of these feed contaminants in animals are well documented, ranging from growth impairment, decreased resistance to pathogens, hepato- and nephrotoxicity to death. As the initial interaction of mycotoxins is with the gut epithelium the epithelium is repeatedly exposed to these toxins at higher concentrations than other tissues. Several methods for the determination of T-2 toxin based on traditional chromatographic, immunoassay, or mass spectroscopy techniques have been described. As up to now there is lack of knowledges about the effect of T-2 mycotoxin on the expression of glucose transporters in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the aim of our investigation was to study the experssion of glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) in the epithelial cells of glandular stomach and duodenal mucosa comparatively in normal and T-2 toxicated broilers. Material from the two parts of GIT was collected from six 7-day-old normal female broilers and six 7-day-old female broilers with T-2 toxicosis. The specimen were fixed with 10% formalin, embedded into paraffin, slices 7 μm thick were cut followed by immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal primary antibody Rabbit anti-GLUT-2 carried out according to the manufacturers quidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK). The results showed the moderate expression of GLUT-2 in epithelial cells both in the glandular as well as in the duodenal mucosa in the control group’s chicken and the weaker expression of GLUT-2 after T-2 toxin administration indicating to the reduced glucose transport in the gastrointestinal system during T-2 mycotoxicosis

Short communication : Immunohistochemical study of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters in ostriches kidneys

Saabunud / Received 02.10.2020 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 20.11.2020 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 21.11.2020 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Piret Hussar e-mail: [email protected] of the two families of glucose transporters identified, the sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters contribute to renal glucose reabsorption. Due to the lack of knowledges of the localization of SGLTs in bird's kidneys, the present study aimed to immunolocalize Na+-glucose co-transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in ostrich's kidneys. In the study kidney material derived from five 14 days old female ostriches. Material 0.5–1.0 cm in diameter was fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated, embedded into paraffin; thereafter slices 7 μm in thickness were cut and deparaffi-nized, followed by immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal primary antibodies Rabbit anti-SGLT1 and Rabbit anti-SGLT2 (Abcam, UK) according to the manufacturers' guidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK). Our study revealed the immunohistochemical localization of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the proximal tubules of the renal cortex. The immunohisto-chemical locations of sodium-dependent glucose transporters resembled those in mammals

Dynamics of cell population structure in liver biopsy of the patients with chronic hepatitis viral infection

The cell population analysis of liver biopsies from the patients with both chronic hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis C (HCV) and chronic viral hepatitis B (HBV) included the comparative evaluation of the specific part of non-parenchymal elements, analysis of the liver plates and sinusoids areas, the cell population of liver plates and sinusoids, the caryometric description of different types of cells. The essential difference of similar quantitative indexes in the biopsy specimens of patients with HCV and НВV was revealed and discussed. In total, the quantitative analysis of cell population structure in liver biopsies during the course of chronic hepatitis, especially in the case of defective biopsies, could be used for diagnostics and prognoses by expert evaluation

Immunolocalization of hexose transporters in ostriches' intestinal epithelial cells during their first postnatal week

Although hexoses glucose and fructose serve as important energy sources of food, up to now, there is little information about hexose transporters in birds’ intestinal epithelium during their first postnatal week. The aim of the investigation was to carry out an immunohistochemical study of integral membrane proteins glucose transporter-2 and -5 (GLUT-2 and GLUT-5) on intestinal epithelial cells of ostrich chicks during their first postnatal week. The material from duodenum and ileum was collected from 9 female ostriches (Struthio camelus var. Domesticus) divided into three age groups, three birds in each group: chicks immediately after hatching, 3-day-old ostriches and 7-day-old chicks. The material was fixed in 10% formalin, embedded into paraffin, slices 7μm thick were cut followed by immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal primary antibodies Rabbit anti- GLUT-2 and Rabbit anti-GLUT-5, carried out according to the manufacturer’s guidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK). Immunohistochemical localization of GLUT-2 and -5 in the intestinal epithelial cells in ostriches of different age groups was determined. In the groups of chicks after hatching and 3-day-old ostriches, enterocytes in duodenal epithelium were mostly unstained and goblet cells stained weakly for both antibodies. Weak staining of enterocytes and goblet cells was also noted in the ileal epithelium of the chick after hatching. Moderate staining of goblet cells was noted in the 3-day-old chicks’ ileal epithelium. In 7-day-old ostriches, the expression of both antibodies was weak in duodenal but moderate in ileal epithelial cells. The pattern of immunohistochemical expression of GLUT-2 and GLUT-5 in ostriches’ intestinal epithelial cells confirms our hypothesis that the intestinal tract of ostriches after hatching is not yet entirely capable of transportation of hexoses and showed that it is completing gradually during the first postnatal week