Can Altman Z-score Model Predict Business failures in Pakistan? “Evidence from Textile companies of Pakistan”

Prediction of bankruptcy is one of the challenging tasks for every sort of organizations in different industries in the world. Asian countries like china India and Sri Lanka this model has been used several times. Pakistan Textile industry takes large part in economic development of Pakistan. But on the other hand Pakistan Textile industry is facing many problems like problem of Supply, financial constrains, electricity and gas shortage etc. This paper investigates whether Altman Z-score model can predict correctly company Failures in Pakistan? The empirical analysis examines 21 textile companies (12 stable companies and 9 bankrupted companies) listed in the Karachi stock exchange, during the period 2000 to 2010. In this study bankruptcy predications of Z score model is investigated for four years prior to bankruptcy. In this paper overall results of Z score model was also quite accurate. These results for bankrupted, non bankrupted shows that Altman model can give good predictions for textile sector of Pakistan. This is in line with other findings. The empirical results are interesting since they can be used by company management for financing decisions, by regulatory authorities and by portfolio managers in stock selection. Keywords: Z-score model, company, business failure, bankruptc

Exploring the opportunities and perceived success of internationalization strategies in Malaysian SME’s

There is a complete transforming process all around the global economy. Technological displacement is displacing all the business activities into information oriented or information based activities. Internationalization has the great contribution in the fundamental changes which took place all over the world. In fact due to internationalization a revolution has been introduce globally. Due to the web there is availability of extended opportunities for Malaysian customer and small & medium enterprises (SME‟s). There is a need of an orderly frame work, due to limited research on the role of internet in international marketing. In order to have the better understanding to the role of internet in international marketing strategy, it is needed to examine the purpose for which SME‟s use the internet in the international marketing context(Shanker & Meyer, 2009). This paper will be providing a significant contribution in the development of internationalization process among Malaysian SME's. This paper will also help Malaysian SME's to improve their internationalization strategies in contrast with the electronic commerce

Does Compensation & Benefits Matters to Working Women to Perform Well? A Case of Public School Teachers

Pakistan is a developing country and with the changing global trend, technological advancement and human development are taking place. As we know that training and development is a constant growing process which keeps improving the excellence of employees. In education sector training, development and continuous learning play an important role. Teachers spend their lives grooming our children, youth and shaping our generations. Education is the key element for the success of any society. But unfortunately, there are various reasons why the quality of learning and competency level in the Public sector is not up to the benchmark both for students and teachers in Pakistan. According to report 2015-16 of Pakistan education institution of statistics the total primary schools is 145829 of 145, in which is 125573 is public primary school. On the other hand, as per education statistics there are a total of 422,797 primary school teachers of which 324,561 (77%) represents the public sector With such a huge contribution of public schools, there is a great room of improvement for teacher particularly their educational capability to deliver, then only a gradual change can be seen in the long run. The aim of the study is investigating the relationship between training and development, work engagement and women public teachers’ performance. This study also examines compensation & benefits as a moderating variable. This study has used a total of 220 samples to analyze the data. The study has used Smart PLS and SPSS 22 statistical technique to analyze the data. This study used a quantitative method, in which data collected from working women (public school teachers) in Multan, Lodhran, Khanewal, and Vehari cities of the province Punjab in Pakistan. The findings have concluded that there is a significant relationship between training & development, work engagement and employee performance. However, compensation & benefits do not found to be a moderating variable. This research will be helpful for women public teacher’s related issue to training, work engagement, compensation, and benefits. The study recommends this problem could be resolved by considering some basic measures such as appropriate government policy for public teachers training and development, foolproof accountability system, education quality assessment. Injecting latest talent in the education system, international competitive pay scale, and merit-based transparent hiring process and believe that only education can change our children’s future

Homological properties of invariant rings of finite groups

Let $V$ be a non-zero finite dimensional vector space over the finite field $F_q$. We take the left action of $G \le GL(V)$ on $V$ and this induces a right action of $G$ on the dual of $V$ which can be extended to the symmetric algebra $F_q[V]$ by ring automorphisms. In this thesis we find the explicit generators and relations among these generators for the ring of invariants $F_q[V]^G$. The main body of the research is in chapters 4, 5 and 6. In chapter 4, we consider three subgroups of the general linear group which preserve singular alternating, singular hermitian and singular quadratic forms respectively, and find rings of invariants for these groups. We then go on to consider, in chapter 5, a subgroup of the symplectic group. We take two special cases for this subgroup. In the first case we find the ring of invariants for this group. In the second case we progress to the ring of invariants for this group but the problem is still open. Finally, in chapter 6, we consider the orthogonal groups in even characteristic. We generalize some of the results of [24]. This generalization is important because it will help to calculate the rings of invariants of the orthogonal groups over any finite field of even characteristic

The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification between Leadership and Job Security: A case of Teachers in Private institutions of Punjab-Pakistan

In the business environment today job security is an important and primary requirement of the employees as the employees’ turnover rate is haphazardly increasing in different industrial sectors. This study determines the impact of leadership and organizational identification on the job security of teachers in the private institutions Punjab, Pakistan and the mediation of organizational identification is also tested. Data is analyzed by using Smart partial least squares structural equation modeling (Smart-PLS-SEM). Many teachers suffer from low job security that not only affect them internally but also affect their work performance. Therefore the main objective of our research is to determine the responsible factors which affect the job security of teachers working in the private educational institutions operationalized under BISE Punjab. In this paper, the parameters used for determining the job security of teachers are; Leadership, and organizational identification and mediating role of organizational identification between leadership and job security is also tested. During this study, 150 teachers from different private institutions operational in Punjab were asked to fill up the questionnaires containing a total of 32 items including different numbers of questions related to each determinant. The results showed that the determinants can explain the job security of the teachers up to a significant level. However, regression analysis and validity analysis proves that they are good predictors of job security of the employees (teachers). Beside these conclusions, this paper introduced other scientific queries and issues regarding the different types of relations or connections among the determinants and hence gives probable pathways to explain or interpret the relations

The internationalization process of Malaysian SMEs: A case on concerned and tendency towards uncertainty avoidance

The main objective of the paper is to aim those factors of uncertainty avoidance which prevent Malaysian SMEs towards internationalization process. The impact of uncertainty avoidance is very high as to know whether Malaysian SMEs are risk takers or not.The human life only differentiates with animals by identifying ethical values among them, and when dealing with different culture around the world it differs in term of how a society deals with international trading electronically. This paper will be looking at how Malaysian SMEs acquire international business while utilizing their risk taking factor on the international business communities

Competitive barriers in a acquiring business internationally: A case on Malaysian firms

In trend with the current economic situation that has affected the international industry world wide, this paper previews literature, which focuses on internationalization strategy, internet communication, ecommerce and Malaysian firm which involve in the process of internationalization. Over the past few decades the internationalization has change the concept and ideology how the international market was perceived. The aim of this paper is to examine internationalization strategies among the Malaysian firms and competitive advantage of internationalization for Malaysian firms. This paper will look into, what are the approaches needed to innovate the environment for firm to go via internationalization process. The Malaysian local firms can only survive, when they have competitive advantage over products and services. These competitive advantages can depend on managerial approach, strategy and perception of the international markets (Javalgi, R. R. G., et al, 2003). It is important to reduce the trade barriers for Malaysian firms. These approaches will also support Malaysian local firms and provide better opportunities for Malaysian local firms to grow internationally with a competitive edge

Direct Product of Left Almost Rings

In this paper, we define direct product of left almost rings and show that it becomes a left almost ring. Further we characterize left almost rings by the properties of the direct product

Evaluation of Brassica Juncea Germplasm through heritability estimation and correlation analysis

The experimental material was planted at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar to estimate genetic parameters of heritability and correlation for yield traits of indigenous Brassica Juncea genotypes. RCB design with three replications was used to sow 20 Brassica genotypes. Highly significant genetic variations were obtained among studied parameters. Days to half flowering revealed positive associations with primary branches per plant (r= 0.337**). Primary branches per plant was positively correlated with pod length (r= 0.407**), seed per pod (r= 0.418**) seed yield per plant (r= 0.479**). Similarly, pod length showed positive correlation with seed per pod (r= 0.324*) and seed yield per plant (r= 0.331**), while seed per pod was positively correlated with seed yield per plant (r= 0.878**). Highest broad-sense heritability was recorded for seed yield per plant (0.97), while lowest heritability was estimated for primary branches per plant (0.46)