Temperature Effect on Shear Thinning Behavior of Low-Viscous Oilfield Emulsion

Crude oil emulsion is causing a lot of problems, especially during crude oil production. There are many ways to mitigate the emulsion problems but this leads to an increment in operating expenses of oil production. In order to comply with the standard sales oil quality, crude oil emulsion must be treated properly. Hence, better understanding of emulsion is essential since emulsion can be available in almost all phases of oil production and processing. This chapter describes how temperature parameters would affect the rheological property of a low-viscous emulsion and how it would become a significant point associated with stability of crude oil emulsion in oilfield production. Experimental results indicated that the water-in-crude oil emulsion formed from low-viscous crude oil exhibits a non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior, which was best presented by the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model. Temperature ranges from 20 to 90°C were examined to study the effect of temperature toward shear stress and viscosity of oilfield emulsion. Measurement of shear stress at shear rates higher than 600 s−1 is a new direction in rheology study that not much is known about its effect on shear stress

REVIEW ON POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS FOR WAXY CRUDE OIL ISSUES

Crude oil contains heavy paraffin molecules that cause the deposition of solid wax. Wax deposition is a critical problem in the petroleum industry, which results in various production problems. Pour Point Depressant (PPD) is a chemical additive that prevents wax deposition. PPD is employed to lower the pour point temperature allowing crude oil to flow at a significantly lower temperature. Several types of PPD include polymer, nano-composite and a natural organic compound. This review paper provides insights regarding different types of chemical additives to solve waxy crude oil issues. The effectiveness of these chemical additives is compared based on the changes in pour point value in degrees Celsius, as it is one of the physical properties of crude oil. Ultimately, this paper provides information regarding the performance of different PPDs in reducing pour point temperature to solve wax deposition issues

Evaluation of Asphaltenes Deposition Inhibition Factors in Heavy Crude Oil Pipelines

Asphaltenes deposition is considered as Achilles’s heel in the oil industry. The nucleation, precipitation and deposition of asphaltenes reduce the production rate significantly in affected wells and sometimes it can completely block the flow by plugging the flowlines, tubing and process facilities, in severe cases. This chapter evaluates the extrinsic and the intrinsic (thermodynamic) factors within the heavy crude oil production system. The main consequences of asphaltenes deposition are discussed such as the solvent-to-crude oil dilution ratio, crude oil physical properties (cloud point, pour point and API gravity), chemical solvent type (carbon number, functional group), agitation time and temperature changes. This chapter is expected to become the means for understanding the factors affecting the asphaltenes nucleation, precipitation and deposition

THE EFFECT OF JATROPHA BLEND FOR DUAL INHIBITION APPLICATION

The oil and gas industry is exposed to fow assurance issues such as wax deposition and scale precipitation. The sector has been tackling this issue using the chemical method while extensive research is being conducted to fnd an efective solution. The conventional method is costly and not eco-friendly. This paper focuses on using Jatropha curcas seed oil (JSO) blended with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a promising dual inhibition application solution to counter wax and scale deposition simultaneously. The experiment manipulates the temperature and concentration to determine the efciency of the inhibitor and its capability to improve fowability. Flowability and jar tests were conducted to analyze the blend’s ability to act as a dual inhibitor. The results prove that the blend of JSO and EDTA at the concentrations of 3 wt% and 1 wt%, respectively, at 70°C showcased a robust result in wax inhibition by enhancing the fowability of the crude oil. On the other hand, efective scale inhibition is achieved when 1 wt% JSO is blended with 1 wt% of EDTA at 27°C. The results obtained signifes the compatibility of JSO and EDTA blend in dual inhibition application when optimal temperature and concentration are achieved. Dual inhibition application is expected to be a one-stop solution for both wax and scale precipitation that is economically viable and safe

CHARACTERIZATION OF MALAYSIAN JATROPHA SEED OIL USING FTIR AND GCMS

Flow assurance problems such as wax deposition impacted the oil and gas industry in various points of oil transport hence a cure is widely researched. This paper aims to establish a cure by using Jatropha curcas seed oil (non-edible) originated from Malaysia and its sustainability as a wax inhibitor component. Extraction and characterization of Jatropha seed oil using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) were conducted to identify the properties of Jatropha seed oil such as the presence of oleic acid which is the main component required in wax inhibitor. Jatropha seed oil extraction was conducted using a soxhlet extractor and n-Hexane solvent which was heated at 70°C. The obtained results illustrated that at the peak of 1746.48 cm–1, FTIR analysis indicated the presence of C=O stretching carboxyl which was the ester fatty acid group while at a retention time of 36.834 min, 44.91% of the oleic acid was present via GCMS analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of high oleic acid in Jatropha seed oil has great potential as wax inhibitor to improve the flowability retarded by wax precipitation

Challenges during Operation and Shutdown of Waxy Crude Pipelines

Transportation of waxy crude oil faces great challenges due to shear and temperature dependency. At high temperatures, waxy crude exhibits low viscous Newtonian behavior where the resistance to flow due to friction is low, and hence low pumping pressure is required to transport it. At low temperatures, however, the crude exhibits shear thinning non-Newtonian behavior where its apparent viscosity becomes shear-dependent. In such cases, the operated pipeline needs to maintain a high pressure to guarantee a continuous flow. Moreover, due to heat transfer between the internal pipeline and surroundings, oil temperature declines along the pipeline. It follows that the crude viscosity and, hence, frictional resistance increase. If the flow is interrupted for any reason, i.e., emergency or planned shutdown, then the restartability of the pipeline becomes a challenge because of the nonexistence of heating generated from friction. In this chapter, the challenges normally facing transportation of waxy crude oil will be discussed. The chapter will introduce the rheological properties of waxy crude oil and explain and describe how these properties can affect the pressure losses inside the pipeline during its operation and shutdown. The measures that need to be considered when designing a waxy crude pipeline will be discussed

Understanding Motivation, Empowerment and Sustainability Outcomes of Women Homestay Entrepreneurs in West Malaysia. A Preliminary Analysis.

The participation of women in the homestay industry is a growing phenomenon; yet research in this area is limited especially in Malaysia

WEIGHT LOSS EFFECT AND POTENTIODYNAMIC POLARIZATION RESPONSE OF 1-BUTYL-3- METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM CHLORIDE IONIC LIQUID IN HIGHLY ACIDIC MEDIUM

Ionic liquids are increasingly being used as corrosion inhibitors when oil and gas industries started to give focus on sustainability and green impact in their operations. In this study, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid in 2M HCl medium has been investigated on mild steel, stainless steel and aluminium bars by using weight loss technique and potentiodynamic polarization measurement. Results showed that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride is able to reduce the weight loss of aluminium metal under acidic corrosive surrounding up to 11% compared to that of without the presence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Based on potentiodynamic polarization response, percentage of corrosion inhibition efficiency is found to be up to 99.3%. In summary, 1-butyl-3 ethylimidazolium chloride is highly potential to act as an anti-corrosion agent, even in a very low concentration

Narrow convolutional neural network for arabic dialects polarity classification

The complexities and tangles of Arabic dialect in orthography and morphology typically make the sentimental analysis quite challenging. Moreover, most of the classification approaches have addressed this problem based on hand-crafted features. Since the Arabic language has multi-dialects and the language has no word-based order, the extraction process and the classification tasks are more difficult and time consuming. Deep neural network approaches applied to the Arabic language colloquial are very limited. These deep learning approaches typically comprise a structure that is very complex for small quantities of data. The structures are based on wide convolutional networks that are not capable of capturing the entire semantic and sentiment features for Arabic dialects. In this paper, a narrow structure of the convolutional neural network (CNN) has been proposed in order to obtain the tweets representations and classify the Arabic tweets into five, three and two polarities. Sensitivity analysis has been conducted to evaluate the impact of various combination structural properties, such as the number of convolutional filters, pooling size, and filter size on the classification performances. The proposed Arabic narrow convolutional neural network (NCNN) has captured the entire semantic and sentiment information contained in the tweet by maximizing the features of the detector's range. The NCNN performances were estimated to be at its optimum when structured by three convolutional layers, each one followed by the max pooling layer. The model has been developed without using lexicon resources and lexical features or augmented the dataset with extra training data. The narrow model is the first baseline model for Arabic dialects sentiment classifications for a sentence level as it is the first narrow CNN model addressing the Arabic Dialect tweets. NCNN model achieved the lowest macro average mean absolute error (MAE M ) for five polarity and higher Macro average recall (P) for three and two polarities on the SemEval-2017 Arabic dialect Twitter datasets when compared to the other state-of-the-art approaches

Review on Application of Quaternary Ammonium Salts for Gas Hydrate Inhibition

Gas hydrate solids occurrence is considered as one of the serious challenges in flow assurance as it affects the hydrocarbon production significantly, especially in deep water gas fields. The most cost-effective method to inhibit the formation of hydrate in pipelines is by injecting a hydrate inhibitor agent. Continuous studies have led to a comprehensive understanding on the use of low dosage hydrate inhibitors such as ionic liquid and quaternary ammonium salts which are also known as dual function gas hydrate inhibitors. This paper covers the latest types of quaternary ammonium salts (2020–2016) and a summary of findings which are essential for future studies. Reviews on the effects of length of ionic liquids alkyl chain, average suppression temperatures, hydrate dissociation enthalpies, and electrical conductivity to the effectiveness of the quaternary ammonium salts as gas hydrate inhibitors are included