Minerali u ovčjem siru

The indigenous Travnik (Vlasic) cheese is produced in central Bosnia in the area of Mt. Vlasic. This cheese belongs to the group of white soft cheeses, ripened in brine under anaerobic conditions, and made from raw, thermally untreated sheep’s milk. The production technology is very simple and is adapted to mountainous conditions. Cheese is an important source of essential nutrients, in particular proteins, fat, vitamins and minerals. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of macroelements (Ca, Na, K, Mg, P) and microelements (Zn, Fe, Cu) in 15 samples of Travnik sheep cheese using the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and ultraviolet–visible spectrometry (UV-VIS) methods. A tendency of increasing Mg and K, Fe and Ca, Fe and Mg, and Fe and P was determined in the examined samples, but without statistical significance. The correlation coefficient values showed statistical validity at the level of high significance of differences (P<0.01).Autohtoni travnički (vlašički) se sir proizvodi u planinskom području centralne Bosne na planini Vlašić. Ovaj sir pripada skupini bijelih mekih sireva koji zriju u salamuri u anaerobnim uvjetima, proizvedeni od sirovog, termički neobrađenog ovčjeg mlijeka. Tehnologija proizvodnje je vrlo jednostavna i odgovara uvjetima proizvodnje u planinskim područjima. Sir je bogat izvor esencijalnih hranjivih sastojaka, posebice proteina, masti, vitamina i minerala. Cilj ovog istraživanja je određivanje koncentracija makro elemenata (Ca, Na, K, Mg, P) i mikro elemenata (Zn, Fe, Cu) u 15 uzoraka autohtonog ovčjeg sira tehnikom atomsko apsorpcijskom spektrometrijom (engl. Atomic absorption spectrometry, AAS) i spektrometrijom ultraljubičastim zrakama (engl. Ultravioletvisible spectrometry, UV-VIS). Tendencija povećanja Mg i K, Fe i Ca, Fe i Mg te Fe i P ustvrđena je u uzorku ispitivanog sira, ali bez statističke značajnosti. Vrijednosti koeficijenta korelacije pokazale su statističku značajnost na razini velike značajnosti razlika (P<0,01)

Continental vs. tropical breed: Immunity comparison under heat stress conditions utilizing qRT-PCR technique

Understanding the responses of animals to seasonal heat stress on the genomic level has led to the identification of genes implicated in thermal stress reaction mechanisms. In this study, the relative gene expression of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine and biomarker for heat stress-mediated immune modulation, was observed during the summer and winter seasons in continental and tropical sheep breeds, namely, Hungarian Indigenous Tsigai and White Dorper, employing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Temperature-humidity indices (THI) were calculated to assess heat stress levels. The results indicate that IL-10 CT-values were significantly higher during the summer, when heat stress prevails, in both sheep breeds compared to winter. While the White Dorper exhibited a higher numerical value for the summer relative gene expression ratio (16.2) compared to the Hungarian Indigenous Tsigai (12.3), no significant differences in CT values were observed between breeds or among sexes. These findings suggest the immune-adaptive characteristics of the two sheep breeds during seasonal heat stress. The variation of IL-10 gene expression levels between the two breeds can be attributed to their geographical origins; the White Dorper emerging from arid subtropical South Africa and the Hungarian Indigenous Tsigai Sheep thriving in the seasonally harsh Carpathian climate for centuries

Biochemical and Endocrine Profiling of Bosnia and Hercegovina, s Native Pramenka Sheep

ABSTRACT The aim of this investigation is to determine changes in concentrations of biochemical and metabolic hormones in the blood of Pramenka sheep. The study included 117 sheep of Pramenka breed monitored during three different periods (July, August, September) from Livno and Travnik (Vlašic) areas. The following biochemical parameters were determined in sheep blood samples: glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were performed by spectrometric analyzer (Kodak Ektachem, analyzer DT 60 II, DTSC Modul and DTE Modul). In sheep blood serum determined the following hormones by ELISA values: triiodothyronine, thyroxine, cortisol, and insulin. Hormonal status of test animals was relatively stable during periods of sampling, but significant differences have been confirmed based on locality, with the exception of cortisol. The lack of statistical significance of differences for cortisol between areas of Livno and Travnik can be due to stress caused by collecting blood samples which have equally increased cortisol levels and “concealed” all other factors that affect its level in the serum. High concentrations of thyroid hormones, particularly in sheep from the locality of Livno, can be a sign of decreased appetite, which is one of the earliest disorders in conditions of heat stress. In both areas, high insulinemia was determined as well, possibly as a result of feeding which significantly changed the hormonal regulation of metabolism in lactation process and led towards stimulation of the endocrine pancreas. Keywords: blood, biochemical, hormones, sheeppublishedVersio

Biochemical and Endocrine Profiling of Bosnia and Hercegovina, s Native Pramenka Sheep

ABSTRACT The aim of this investigation is to determine changes in concentrations of biochemical and metabolic hormones in the blood of Pramenka sheep. The study included 117 sheep of Pramenka breed monitored during three different periods (July, August, September) from Livno and Travnik (Vlašic) areas. The following biochemical parameters were determined in sheep blood samples: glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were performed by spectrometric analyzer (Kodak Ektachem, analyzer DT 60 II, DTSC Modul and DTE Modul). In sheep blood serum determined the following hormones by ELISA values: triiodothyronine, thyroxine, cortisol, and insulin. Hormonal status of test animals was relatively stable during periods of sampling, but significant differences have been confirmed based on locality, with the exception of cortisol. The lack of statistical significance of differences for cortisol between areas of Livno and Travnik can be due to stress caused by collecting blood samples which have equally increased cortisol levels and “concealed” all other factors that affect its level in the serum. High concentrations of thyroid hormones, particularly in sheep from the locality of Livno, can be a sign of decreased appetite, which is one of the earliest disorders in conditions of heat stress. In both areas, high insulinemia was determined as well, possibly as a result of feeding which significantly changed the hormonal regulation of metabolism in lactation process and led towards stimulation of the endocrine pancreas. Keywords: blood, biochemical, hormones, shee

NITROGEN MATTER AS PARAMETERS OF THE QUALITY OF THE LIVNO AND TRAVNIK CHEESE

Istrazivanja autohtone proizvodnje Livanjskog i Travnickog sira ima za cilj ocuvanje tradicije, organizirane proizvodnje i plasmana na trzista izvan domicilne regije. Autohtoni sirevi su raznovrsnijeg okusa, arome i konzistencije u odnosu na industrijski proizvedne sireve, gdje je tehnologija definirana, a uvjeti proizvodnje kontrolirani. Nadmorska visina, kvalitetna voda i hrana nisu dovoljni cimbenici za trajno odrzavanje kvaliteta autohtonih sireva. Na osnovi standardizacije tehnoloskih postupaka proizvodnje moze se proizvesti sir specificnog obiljezja. Cilj istrazivanja bio je odrediti i komparirati ukupni dusik i dusicne frakcije u dva autohtona sira – Livanjskom i Travnickom, ovisno o terminu uzorkovanja (srpanj, kolovoz i rujan). Za analizu su uzorci sira uzeti nakon 90 dana zrenja u izvornim uvjetima okoline. U uzorcima sira odredjivan je ukupni dusik i dusicne frakcije. Odredjivanje sadrzaja ukupnog dusika (TN), kao i dusika topljivog u vodi pri pH 4,6 (SN-4,6) i 12% triklorocitnoj kiselini (TCA-SN) provedeno je metodom po Kjeldahlu. Vrijednosti TN, SN-4,6 i TCA-SN u uzorcima Travnickog sira bile su nize u odnosu na uzorke Livanjskog sira pri svakom terminu uzorkovanja. Najvece vrijednosti indeksa SN-4,6/TN i TCA-SN/TN kod oba ispitivanja sira utvrdjene su u sirevima proizvedenim od mlijeka prikupljenog tijekom rujna. Indeksi zrenja su bili visi u uzorcima Travnickog sira, sto ukazuje na povecanu primarnu proteolizu u odnosu na Livanjski sir, to moze biti rezultat specificnosti biljnog pokrivaca i ispase ovaca na nizoj nadmorskoj visini. Kljucne rijeci: Livanjski sir, Travnicki sir, dusicnr tvari, zrenje, kvaliteta, sir.NITROGEN MATTER AS PARAMETERS OF THE QUALITY OF THE LIVNO AND TRAVNIK CHEESEpublishedVersio

A geography-aware reconciliation method to investigate diversification patterns in host/parasite interactions

Cospeciation studies aim at investigating whether hosts and symbionts speciate simultaneously or whether the associations diversify through host shifts. This problem is often tackled through reconciliation analyses that map the symbiont phylogeny onto the host phylogeny by mixing different types of diversification events. These reconciliations can be difficult to interpret and are not always biologically realistic. Researchers have underlined that the biogeographic histories of both hosts and symbionts influence the probability of cospeciation and host switches, but up to now no reconciliation software integrates geographic data. We present a new functionality in the Mowgli software that bridges this gap. The user can provide geographic information on both the host and symbiont extant and ancestral taxa. Constraints in the reconciliation algorithm have been implemented to generate biologically realistic codiversification scenarios. We apply our method to the fig/fig wasp association and infer diversification scenarios that differ from reconciliations ignoring geographic information. In addition, we updated the reconciliation viewer SylvX to visualize ancestral character states on the phylogenetic trees and highlight parts of reconciliations that are geographically inconsistent when not accounting for geographic constraints. We suggest that the comparison of reconciliations obtained with and without such constraints can help solving ambiguities in the biogeographic histories of the partners. With the development of robust methods in historical biogeography, and the advent of next-generation sequencing that leads to better-resolved trees, a geography-aware reconciliation method represents a substantial advance that is likely to be useful to researchers studying the evolution of biotic interactions and biogeography

The Fatty acid composition of Sheep’s Milk of an Autochthonous Breed

The study included a total of 127 sheep milk samples from two different areas (Livno and Travnik) in summer feeding period (July, August and September). Fatty acids in milk were determined by gas chromatography (GC). The animals were marked with the appropriate number of ear tags on the basis of which we always took samples from the same animals through different periods. Fatty acids in milk were determined by gas chromatography and the following fatty acids composition: butyric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, rumenic acid. The fatty acid content of sheep's milk in this study showed a tendency of variation, both within and between sampling areas, and characterized by its relatively high content of saturated fatty acid (SFA) during the period of harvest

Masno-kiselinski sastav ovčjeg mleka autohtone rase

The study included a total of 127 sheep milk samples from two different areas (Livno and Travnik) in summer feeding period (July, August and September). Fatty acids in milk were determined by gas chromatography (GC). The animals were marked with the appropriate number of ear tags on the basis of which we always took samples from the same animals through different periods. Fatty acids in milk were determined by gas chromatography and the following fatty acids composition: butyric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, rumenic acid. The fatty acid content of sheep's milk in this study showed a tendency of variation, both within and between sampling areas, and characterized by its relatively high content of saturated fatty acid (SFA) during the period of harvest.publishedVersio

Effect of modified-hen-egg-yolk-lipid-composition diet on plasma lipids in rats

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with modified-hen-egg-yolk on plasma lipids and lipoprotein profiles in rats. During the four-week-experiment, 64 Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 16 (eight of both sexes), and fed commercial rat food (group C); food containing 70% commercial rat mixture and 30% freshly cooked egg yolk originating from laying hen eggs fed with 3% fish oil (group F); 3% palm olein (group P), or 3% lard (group L). The cooked egg yolk in the rat diet affected the concentrations of plasma total and LDL-cholesterol in males of the P and L groups. Cholesterol and total fat in the diet did not have a hypercholesterolemic effect on their own, but when in combination with fatty acid composition, they could contribute to an increase in plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in rats. HDL-cholesterol was the most resilient plasma lipoprotein of rats to dietary treatments in our experiment. Compared to the control group, the addition of hen egg yolk to the rat diet regardless of its quality, adversely affected the values of HDL-C/TC and HDL-C/LDL-C in both males and females

Validation of SNP markers for thermotolerance adaptation in Ovis aries adapted to different climatic regions using KASP-PCR technique

Abstract A study on 51 SNPs belonging to 29 genes related to heat stress was carried out in 720 sheep from 17 different breeds adapted to different climates from Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Morocco and Romania, using Kompetitive Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction. Genotype frequency and the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were calculated, followed by a clustering using the Principal Component Analysis. We analyzed the polymorphisms in the following genes analyzed: HSPA12A, HSP90AA1, IL33, DIO2, BTNL2, CSN2, ABCG1, CSN1S1, GHR, HSPA8, STAT3, and HCRT. We emphasized on HSPA12A and HSPA8 genes as they were successfully genotyped in all studied flocks in which genotype frequency patterns were identified. Contrary to previous findings, the A allele for HSPA8 SNP was not observed in the heat tolerant breeds, being found exclusively in cold-tolerant breeds. The principal component analysis could not clearly differentiate the breeds, while plot concentration was slightly varied among the three groups, with HSP90AA1 and IL33 SNPs’ loading values significantly contributing to PC1 and PC2. We confirmed previous works that the HSPA12A, HSPA8, HSP90AA1 and IL33 SNPs are potential candidate markers for thermotolerance adaptation in sheep. This research contributes to the genetic variability of SNPs for thermotolerance adaptability in sheep