On the area operators of the Husain-Kuchar-Rovelli model and Canonical/Loop Quantum Gravity

I investigate the relation between an operative definition of the area of a surface specified by matter fields and the area operators recently introduced in the canonical/loop approach to Quantum Gravity and in Rovelli's variant of the Husain-Kuchar Quantum-Gravity toy model. The results suggest that the discreteness of the spectra of the area operators might not be observable.Comment: LaTex, 8 page

Parallel numerical methods for analysing optical devices with the BPM

In this work, some developments in the theory of modelling integrated optical devices are discussed. The theory of the Beam Propagation Method (BPM) to analyse longitudinal optical waveguides is established. The BPM is then formulated and implemented numerically to study both two and three-dimensional optical waveguides using several Finite-Difference (FD) techniques. For the 2-D analysis, comparisons between the performance of the implicit Crank Nicholson (CN), the explicit Real Space (RS) and the Explicit Finite-Difference (EFD) are made through systematic tests on slab waveguide geometries. For three-dimensional applications, two explicit highly-parallel three-dimensional FD-BPMs (the RS and the EFD) have been implemented on two different parallel computers, namely a transputer array (MIMD type) and a Connection Machine (SIMD type). To assess the performance of parallel computers in this context, serial computer codes for the two methods have been implemented and a comparison between the speed of the serial and parallel codes has been made. Large gains in the speed of the parallel FD-BPMs have been obtained compared to the serial implementations; both methods, in their parallel form, can execute, per propagational step, a large problem containing 106 discretisation points in a few seconds. In addition, a comparison between the performance of the transputer array and the Connection Machine in executing the two FD-BPMs has been discussed. To assess and compare the two methods, three different rib waveguides and three different directional couplers have been analysed and the results compared with published results. It has been concluded from testing these methods that the parallel EFD-BPM is more efficient than the parallel RS-BPM. Then, the linear parallel EFD-BPM was extended to model nonlinear second harmonic generation process in three-dimensional waveguides, where the source field is allowed to deplete, using the transputer array and the Connection Machine

Analisis Penerapan PSAK No.30 (Revisi 2011) Atas Akuntansi Leasing Pada PT. Federal International Finance (Fif) Cabang Manado

PT. Federal International Finance (FIF) is a credit financing institution engaged in the business of credit financing. PT. FIF provides credit services to customers with expected profits derived from loan interest, so PT. FIF has a good amount of lease receivables. Therefore, any application of lease accounting in accordance with SFAS 30 (Revised 2011) on lease accounting. This study aims to determine the application of lease accounting PT. FIF. The research method used comparative descriptive method. The results showed the application of PT. FIF has been in accordance with the applicable standards. In recognition of finance lease PT. FIF has been in accordance with the applicable accounting standards for finance leases are recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs that occur. PT. FIF use leasing capital lease accounting model, can be seen from the provisions of the lease on the company\u27s letter, stating their option rights for the lease upon expiration of the lease, where the provisions of this falls in the existing criteria on capital lease. In the final days of capital lease rental payments, the option to lease the vehicle ownership. PT. FIF use leasing capital lease accounting model by the method of direct financing leases or direct financing method

Short-term memory for spatial, sequential and duration information

Space and time appear to play key roles in the way that information is organized in short-term memory (STM). Some argue that they are crucial contexts within which other stored features are embedded, allowing binding of information that belongs together within STM. Here we review recent behavioral, neurophysiological and imaging studies that have sought to investigate the nature of spatial, sequential and duration representations in STM, and how these might break down in disease. Findings from these studies point to an important role of the hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures in aspects of STM, challenging conventional accounts of involvement of these regions in only long-term memory

Constants of motion for vacuum general relativity

The 3+1 Hamiltonian Einstein equations, reduced by imposing two commuting spacelike Killing vector fields, may be written as the equations of the $SL(2,R)$ principal chiral model with certain `source' terms. Using this formulation, we give a procedure for generating an infinite number of non-local constants of motion for this sector of the Einstein equations. The constants of motion arise as explicit functionals on the phase space of Einstein gravity, and are labelled by sl(2,R) indices.Comment: 10 pages, latex, version to appear in Phys. Rev. D

Rapid forgetting results from competition over time between items in visual working memory

Working memory is now established as a fundamental cognitive process across a range of species. Loss of information held in working memory has the potential to disrupt many aspects of cognitive function. However, despite its significance, the mechanisms underlying rapid forgetting remain unclear, with intense recent debate as to whether it is interference between stored items that leads to loss of information or simply temporal decay. Here we show that both factors are essential and interact in a highly specific manner. Although a single item can be maintained in memory with high fidelity, multiple items compete in working memory, progressively degrading each other’s representations as time passes. Specifically, interaction between items is associated with both worsening precision and increased reporting errors of object features over time. Importantly, during the period of maintenance, although items are no longer visible, maintenance resources can be selectively redeployed to protect the probability to recall the correct feature and the precision with which cued items can be recalled, as if it was the only item in memory. These findings reveal that the biased competition concept could be applied not only to perceptual processes but also to active maintenance of working memory representations over time

Scalar field collapse in three-dimensional AdS spacetime

We describe results of a numerical calculation of circularly symmetric scalar field collapse in three spacetime dimensions with negative cosmological constant. The procedure uses a double null formulation of the Einstein-scalar equations. We see evidence of black hole formation on first implosion of a scalar pulse if the initial pulse amplitude $A$ is greater than a critical value $A_*$. Sufficiently near criticality the apparent horizon radius $r_{AH}$ grows with pulse amplitude according to the formula $r_{AH} \sim (A-A_*)^{0.81}$.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure; references added, to appear in CQG(L

Einstein's equations and the chiral model

The vacuum Einstein equations for spacetimes with two commuting spacelike Killing field symmetries are studied using the Ashtekar variables. The case of compact spacelike hypersurfaces which are three-tori is considered, and the determinant of the Killing two-torus metric is chosen as the time gauge. The Hamiltonian evolution equations in this gauge may be rewritten as those of a modified SL(2) principal chiral model with a time dependent `coupling constant', or equivalently, with time dependent SL(2) structure constants. The evolution equations have a generalized zero-curvature formulation. Using this form, the explicit time dependence of an infinite number of spatial-diffeomorphism invariant phase space functionals is extracted, and it is shown that these are observables in the sense that they Poisson commute with the reduced Hamiltonian. An infinite set of observables that have SL(2) indices are also found. This determination of the explicit time dependence of an infinite set of spatial-diffeomorphism invariant observables amounts to the solutions of the Hamiltonian Einstein equations for these observables.Comment: 22 pages, RevTeX, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Pengaruh Variasi Temperatur Austenisasi Pada Proses Heat Treatment Quenching Terhadap Sifat Mekanik Dan Struktur Mikro Friction Wedge AISI 1340

Permasalahan yang sering timbul dalam pembuatan friction wedge AISI 1340 adalah adanya Crack yang terjadi setelah proses quenching dalam pembuatan friction wedge. Kemungkinan penyebab kegagalan yang terjadi yakni kurang tepatnya perlakuan panas yang dilakukan.Oleh karena itu perlu adanya suatu penelitian untuk mencari perlakuan panas yang tepat. . Metodologi yang digunakan adalah heat treatment quenching dengan variasi temperatur austenisasi 830°C, 850°C, 870°C dan 920°C dengan waktu penahanan 20 menit, kemudian didinginkan cepat dengan media pendingin oli. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah semua spesimen hasil treatment memenuhi standar kekerasan friction wedge. Nilai kekerasan naik seiring naiknya temperatur austenisasi. Hasil paling baik didapat dari spesimen heat treatment quenching di media pendingin oli pada temperatur austenisasi 830oC dengan nilai kekerasan 458 BHN, tidak ada Crack yang terjadi dan memiliki nilai elongasi yang paling rendah yaitu 0,43%, sehingga bisa tahan pada temperatur kerja daripada spesimen yang lain. Struktur mikro yang dihasilkan berupa martensit dan austenit sisa. Dari pengujian XRD didapatkan fasa Fe1.91 C0.09 (Martensit BCT) dan Fe15.1 C (Austenit FCC)

A two-dimensional representation of four-dimensional gravitational waves

The Einstein equation in D dimensions, if restricted to the class of space-times possessing n = D - 2 commuting hypersurface-orthogonal Killing vectors, can be equivalently written as metric-dilaton gravity in 2 dimensions with n scalar fields. For n = 2, this results reduces to the known reduction of certain 4-dimensional metrics which include gravitational waves. Here, we give such a representation which leads to a new proof of the Birkhoff theorem for plane-symmetric space--times, and which leads to an explanation, in which sense two (spin zero-) scalar fields in 2 dimensions may incorporate the (spin two-) gravitational waves in 4 dimensions. (This result should not be mixed up with well--known analogous statements where, however, the 4-dimensional space-time is supposed to be spherically symmetric, and then, of course, the equivalent 2-dimensional picture cannot mimic any gravitational waves.) Finally, remarks on hidden symmetries in 2 dimensions are made.Comment: 12 pages, LaTeX, no figures, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D in prin