8,067 research outputs found
The MS Symptom and Impact Diary (MSSID): psychometric evaluation of a new instrument to measure the day to day impact of multiple sclerosis
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop further a diary originally devised to measure the impact of multiple
sclerosis (MS) as part of a cost utility study of beta interferon, and to evaluate its reliability, validity, and
responsiveness in an outpatient sample of people with MS.
METHODS: The original diary was further developed using qualitative and quantitative methods to ensure
that it addressed the views of people with MS. The psychometric properties of the MS Symptom and Impact
Diary (MSSID) were evaluated in a sample of 77 people who completed the MSSID daily for 12 weeks.
Internal and test–retest reliability, discriminant and convergent validity, and responsiveness were assessed
using traditional psychometric methods.
RESULTS: The MSSID formed three, internally consistent scales that measured mobility, fatigue, and the
overall impact of MS. The test–retest reliability of the mobility scale was adequate for individual
comparisons (ICC.0.90) and the fatigue and overall impact scales were adequate for group comparisons
(ICC.0.70). The MSSID was able to distinguish between clinical groups depending on clinical course,
indoor ambulation status, and relapse status. It demonstrated associations with other single point
instruments in the expected direction. Compared with single point instruments, its responsiveness was
similar or better, especially in detecting short term improvements in functioning.
CONCLUSIONS: The MSSID may provide a useful complement to currently available instruments to measure
the outcomes of MS within clinical trials. Further research is needed to explore its feasibility in the context
of a randomised controlled trial and its utility for clinicians
A simple model of price formation
A simple Ising spin model which can describe the mechanism of price formation
in financial markets is proposed. In contrast to other agent-based models, the
influence does not flow inward from the surrounding neighbors to the center
site, but spreads outward from the center to the neighbors. The model thus
describes the spread of opinions among traders. It is shown via standard Monte
Carlo simulations that very simple rules lead to dynamics that duplicate those
of asset prices.Comment: Version 2: 4 pages, 4 figures; added more stringent statistical
analysis; to appear in Int. J. Modern Physics C, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2002
The Guidebook, the Friend, and the Room: Visitor Experience in a Historic House
In this paper, we describe an electronic guidebook prototype and report on a
study of its use in a historic house. Supported by mechanisms in the guidebook,
visitors constructed experiences that had a high degree of interaction with
three entities: the guidebook, their companions, and the house and its
contents. For example, we found that most visitors played audio descriptions
played through speakers (rather than using headphones or reading textual
descriptions) to facilitate communication with their companions
Cellular automaton rules conserving the number of active sites
This paper shows how to determine all the unidimensional two-state cellular
automaton rules of a given number of inputs which conserve the number of active
sites. These rules have to satisfy a necessary and sufficient condition. If the
active sites are viewed as cells occupied by identical particles, these
cellular automaton rules represent evolution operators of systems of identical
interacting particles whose total number is conserved. Some of these rules,
which allow motion in both directions, mimic ensembles of one-dimensional
pseudo-random walkers. Numerical evidence indicates that the corresponding
stochastic processes might be non-Gaussian.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figure
Bio-inspired swing leg control for spring-mass robots running on ground with unexpected height disturbance
We proposed three swing leg control policies for spring-mass running robots, inspired by experimental data from our recent collaborative work on ground running birds. Previous investigations suggest that animals may prioritize injury avoidance and/or efficiency as their objective function during running rather than maintaining limit-cycle stability. Therefore, in this study we targeted structural capacity (maximum leg force to avoid damage) and efficiency as the main goals for our control policies, since these objective functions are crucial to reduce motor size and structure weight. Each proposed policy controls the leg angle as a function of time during flight phase such that its objective function during the subsequent stance phase is regulated. The three objective functions that are regulated in the control policies are (i) the leg peak force, (ii) the axial impulse, and (iii) the leg actuator work. It should be noted that each control policy regulates one single objective function. Surprisingly, all three swing leg control policies result in nearly identical subsequent stance phase dynamics. This implies that the implementation of any of the proposed control policies would satisfy both goals (damage avoidance and efficiency) at once. Furthermore, all three control policies require a surprisingly simple leg angle adjustment: leg retraction with constant angular acceleration
Validation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease recording in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD-GOLD)
Objectives: The optimal method of identifying people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from electronic primary care records is not known. We assessed the accuracy of different approaches using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a UK electronic health record database. Setting: 951 participants registered with a CPRD practice in the UK between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2012. Individuals were selected for ≥1 of 8 algorithms to identify people with COPD. General practitioners were sent a brief questionnaire and additional evidence to support a COPD diagnosis was requested. All information received was reviewed independently by two respiratory physicians whose opinion was taken as the gold standard. Primary outcome measure: The primary measure of accuracy was the positive predictive value (PPV), the proportion of people identified by each algorithm for whom COPD was confirmed. Results: 951 questionnaires were sent and 738 (78%) returned. After quality control, 696 (73.2%) patients were included in the final analysis. All four algorithms including a specific COPD diagnostic code performed well. Using a diagnostic code alone, the PPV was 86.5% (77.5-92.3%) while requiring a diagnosis plus spirometry plus specific medication; the PPV was slightly higher at 89.4% (80.7-94.5%) but reduced case numbers by 10%. Algorithms without specific diagnostic codes had low PPVs (range 12.2-44.4%). Conclusions: Patients with COPD can be accurately identified from UK primary care records using specific diagnostic codes. Requiring spirometry or COPD medications only marginally improved accuracy. The high accuracy applies since the introduction of an incentivised disease register for COPD as part of Quality and Outcomes Framework in 2004
First passage behaviour of fractional Brownian motion in two-dimensional wedge domains
We study the survival probability and the corresponding first passage time
density of fractional Brownian motion confined to a two-dimensional open wedge
domain with absorbing boundaries. By analytical arguments and numerical
simulation we show that in the long time limit the first passage time density
scales as t**{-1+pi*(2H-2)/(2*Theta)} in terms of the Hurst exponent H and the
wedge angle Theta. We discuss this scaling behaviour in connection with the
reaction kinetics of FBM particles in a one-dimensional domain.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
A Complexity View of Rainfall
We show that rain events are analogous to a variety of nonequilibrium
relaxation processes in Nature such as earthquakes and avalanches. Analysis of
high-resolution rain data reveals that power laws describe the number of rain
events versus size and number of droughts versus duration. In addition, the
accumulated water column displays scale-less fluctuations. These statistical
properties are the fingerprints of a self-organized critical process and may
serve as a benchmark for models of precipitation and atmospheric processes.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Brownian motion of solitons in a Bose-Einstein Condensate
For the first time, we observed and controlled the Brownian motion of
solitons. We launched solitonic excitations in highly elongated
BECs and showed that a dilute background of impurity atoms in a different
internal state dramatically affects the soliton. With no impurities and in
one-dimension (1-D), these solitons would have an infinite lifetime, a
consequence of integrability. In our experiment, the added impurities scatter
off the much larger soliton, contributing to its Brownian motion and decreasing
its lifetime. We describe the soliton's diffusive behavior using a quasi-1-D
scattering theory of impurity atoms interacting with a soliton, giving
diffusion coefficients consistent with experiment.Comment: 4 figure
Stochastic Processes Crossing from Ballistic to Fractional Diffusion with Memory: Exact Results
We address the now classical problem of a diffusion process that crosses over
from a ballistic behavior at short times to a fractional diffusion (sub- or
super-diffusion) at longer times. Using the standard non-Markovian diffusion
equation we demonstrate how to choose the memory kernel to exactly respect the
two different asymptotics of the diffusion process. Having done so we solve for
the probability distribution function (pdf) as a continuous function which
evolves inside a ballistically expanding domain. This general solution agrees
for long times with the pdf obtained within the continuous random walk approach
but it is much superior to this solution at shorter times where the effect of
the ballistic regime is crucial
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