A hard tweak : TeachNZ criteria and the Smith proposal : a thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Social Policy at Massey University

The Hon. Dr Nick Smith suggested in 1999 and 2003 that 'men' be recruited as primary school teachers through the TeachNZ scheme. This thesis analyses the attendant policy making processes, and the influence of ideology. Six interviews were conducted and are considered against political events over the years 2003-2004. The work of Kingdon (2003) and Matland (1995) proved valuable to the analysis as they provide complementary models for discussion of data

Why do some fish fight more than others?

Reversible changes in how readily animals fight can be explained in terms of adaptive responses to differences in the costs and benefits of fighting. In contrast, long-term differences in aggressiveness raise a number of questions, including why animals are consistent with respect to this trait, why aggressiveness is often linked to general risk taking, and why aggressive and nonaggressive animals often coexist within a population. In fish, different levels of aggressiveness bring several direct fitness-related consequences, such as when aggressive individuals monopolize a limited food supply and grow fast. They also bring indirect consequences, such as when aggressive fish are more susceptible to predation and when they require a larger respiratory surface to service a higher metabolic rate. Fitness consequences of aggressiveness are often context dependent, with aggressive fish tending to do well in simple, predictable conditions but not in complex, less predictable conditions. The diverse, context-dependent consequences of aggression mean that aggressive and nonaggressive fish flourish in different conditions and explain in general terms why these behavioral phenotypes often coexist. There are a number of candidate evolutionary frameworks for explaining why individual differences in aggressiveness are often, but not always, consistent over time and often, but not always, linked to differences in general risk taking

Rebels, Murderesses & Harlots: \u27Fallen Women\u27, Changes to Gender Relations in Post-Famine Ireland

A woman is nothing without her reputation. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, a conflict of values emerged for ordinary women in Ireland. It is this conflict that has been under-addressed in the historiography, particularly in the context of the roles institutions played in putting forth a prescribed ideal of womanhood for working class women. Ordinary women risked ostracization and condemnation when stepping out of the prescribed roles of daughter, domestic servant, and mother. In doing so, this increased the likelihood working class women would come into contact with moral reformists, the court system or religious organizations which would deem this behaviour as deviant. Examined within is the role infanticide, institutionalization and incarceration were opportunities for women to exert agency within the confines of prescribed gender roles

Tasteful piano performance in classic-era Britain

In recent decades, British solo piano repertoire of the Classic era has attracted increasing interest from researchers. A number of scholars have sought to identify the compositional elements that comprise late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British piano music. Despite this interest, there has been little research into the conventions of performance with which this repertoire is inextricably associated. Moreover, scant attention has been given to the notions of taste that are so often encountered in contemporaneous music treatises and philosophical writings. This thesis addresses these gaps in the existing literature by examining tasteful piano performance in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. The thesis provides a survey of contemporaneous British writings on the subject of taste—first, the broad notion of taste in British culture during the period, then the notion of taste in music performance in general, and finally the notion of taste specifically in relation to piano music. This survey includes a comprehensive investigation of selected performance practice issues, again as discussed in contemporaneous British primary sources. The study shows that taste was a vital aspect of music performance in Classic-era Britain. Furthermore, the thesis reveals that tasteful performance was intimately connected with issues arising from performance practice, and that decisions made in relation to these issues involved a degree of freedom on the part of the performer. The findings of the study are manifested in annotated scores of selected contemporaneous repertoire, then performatively applied by the author in a recorded performance of the repertoire using an early nineteenth-century English piano

Termination of Rewriting with Right-Flat Rules Modulo Permutative Theories

We present decidability results for termination of classes of term rewriting systems modulo permutative theories. Termination and innermost termination modulo permutative theories are shown to be decidable for term rewrite systems (TRS) whose right-hand side terms are restricted to be shallow (variables occur at depth at most one) and linear (each variable occurs at most once). Innermost termination modulo permutative theories is also shown to be decidable for shallow TRS. We first show that a shallow TRS can be transformed into a flat (only variables and constants occur at depth one) TRS while preserving termination and innermost termination. The decidability results are then proved by showing that (a) for right-flat right-linear (flat) TRS, non-termination (respectively, innermost non-termination) implies non-termination starting from flat terms, and (b) for right-flat TRS, the existence of non-terminating derivations starting from a given term is decidable. On the negative side, we show PSPACE-hardness of termination and innermost termination for shallow right-linear TRS, and undecidability of termination for flat TRS.Comment: 20 page

More frequent moments in the climate change debate as emissions continue

Recent years have witnessed unprecedented interest in how the burning of fossil fuels may impact on the global climate system. Such visibility of this issue is in part due to the increasing frequency of key international summits to debate emissions levels, including the 2015 21st Conference of Parties meeting in Paris. In this perspective we plot a timeline of significant climate meetings and reports, and against metrics of atmospheric greenhouse gas changes and global temperature. One powerful metric is cumulative CO2 emissions that can be related to past and future warming levels. That quantity is analysed in detail through a set of papers in this ERL focus issue. We suggest it is an open question as to whether our timeline implies a lack of progress in constraining climate change despite multiple recent keynote meetings—or alternatively—that the increasing level of debate is encouragement that solutions will be found to prevent any dangerous warming levels

Local Archeology in Kenya colony.

Volume: VI