Hooke's figurations: a figural drawing attributed to Robert Hooke

The experimental philosopher Robert Hooke (1635–1703) is known to have apprenticed to the leading painter Peter Lely on his first arrival in London in the late 1640s. Yet the relevance of Hooke's artistic training to his mature draughtsmanship and identity has remained unclear. Shedding light on that larger interpretive problem, this article argues for the attribution to Hooke of a figural drawing now in Tate Britain (T10678). This attributed drawing is especially interesting because it depicts human subjects and bears Hooke's name functioning as an artistic signature, both highly unusual features for his draughtsmanship. From evidence of how this drawing was collected and physically placed alongside images by leading artists in the early eighteenth century, I suggest how it can offer new insight into the reception of Hooke and his graphic work in the early Enlightenment

Identification and Identifiability of non-linear IV/GMM Estimators

In this article, the identi¯cation of instrumental variables and generalised method of moment (GMM) estimators is discussed. It is common that representations of such models are derived from the solution to linear quadratic optimisation problems. Here, it is shown that even though the rank condition on the Jacobian and the instrument set is valid, that the transversality condition may not be satis¯ed by the estimated model. Further, acceptance of the transversality condition does occur when identi ¯cation fails or the forward model vanishes. As a result the parameters of such models irrespective of any correction for serial correlation may not be identi¯ed in a fundamental sense. This suggests that either forward looking models should be estimated directly or more complex non-linear restrictions should be imposed

Mechanism of operation of the TFE-bonded gas-diffusion electrode

Mathematical analytical model predicts the performance of an electrode as a function of certain measurable physical characteristics. Concept assumes the catalyst particles form porous electrically conductive agglomerates which are completely flooded with electrolyte

Identifying and Solving Multivariate Rational Expectations Models (Updated: 01/2005)

This article discuses the identification of Generalised Rational Expectations Models. It is shown that the necessary and sufficient conditions for local identification of the Quasi-Structural Form (Q-SF) derive from the first derivatives of the Non-Linear Instrumental Variables (NLIV) criterion. The necessary and sufficient conditions for local identification consist of an appropriately defined and informative instrument set and a Jacobian matrix with appropriate rank. However, these conditions do not identify the full structural form (SF) linked to either the true expectations or the full solution. For the identification of SF, the parameters need to be associated with a model that satisfies the transversality condition. It is shown that the testing of this condition is impossible when relying exclusively on the existing instruments

Identifying asymmetric, multi-period Euler equations estimated by non-linear IV/GMM

In this article, the identification of instrumental variables and generalized method of moment (GMM) estimators with multi-period perceptions is discussed. The state space representation delivers a conventional first order condition that is solved for expectations when the Generalized Bézout Theorem holds. Here, it is shown that although weak instruments may be enough to identify the parameters of a linearized version of the Quasi-Reduced Form (Q-RF), their existence is not sufficient for the identification of the structural model. Necessary and sufficient conditions for local identification of the Quasi-Structural Form (Q-SF) derive from the product of the data moments and the Jacobian. Satisfaction of the moment condition alone is only necessary for local and global identification of the Q-SF parameters. While the conditions necessary and sufficient for local identification of the Q-SF parameters are only necessary to identify the expectational model that satisfies the regular solution. If the conditions required for the decomposition associated with the Generalized Bézout Theorem are not satisfied, then limited information estimates of the Q-SF are not consistent with the full solution. The Structural Form (SF) is not identified in the fundamental sense that the Q-SF parameters are not based on a forward looking expectational model. This suggests that expectations are derived from a forward looking model or survey data used to replace estimated expectations

Internal organization and economic performance: the case of large U.S. commercial banks

Banks and banking - Costs ; Bank management

Perceptions of control in the victims of school bullying : the importance of early intervention

Improvements in anti-bullying strategies are likely to depend upon a greater understanding of the psychological processes at work. Transactional theories of coping may be appropriate models to use when examining how the victims of bullying cope with victimization. Research has started to examine the coping strategy aspects of such theories but has neglected the process of appraisal. The current paper aims to address this by examining the perceptions of control in the victims of bullying, and how these are influenced by such variables as gender and the severity, persistence and type of bullying experienced. A self-report questionnaire examining coping responses and perceptions of control regarding the bullying situation was administered to 348 children aged nine to 11 years. Data from the victims of bullying (N = 184) revealed that girls felt less in control of frequent bullying than infrequent bullying, a trend not evident in boys (p < 0.05). In addition, a significantly higher proportion of the male victims of bullying felt more in control than female victims (p < 0.01). Finally, victims of short-term bullying were significantly more likely to feel in control than were victims of longer-term bullying (p < 0.05). The complex relationship between gender, perceptions of control, and the persistence and frequency of bullying has implications for early intervention and for professionals working with the victims of bullying

Cognitive appraisals, emotional reactions, and their associations with three forms of peer-victimization

Victimized students’ cognitive appraisals (perceived threat, control) are related to emotional reactions. Furthermore, psychosocial wellbeing is differentially associated with form of victimization (direct vs. indirect), suggesting that emotional reactions to direct and indirect victimization may also differ. The present study therefore evaluated appraisals and emotional reactions within the context of verbal, physical, and indirect victimization experiences, testing a mediational model which considers appraisals to mediate the effect of victimization upon emotional reaction. Participants were 146 students (44% male) aged 10-13 years attending mainstream schools in Scotland (UK). Self-report measures assessed peer-victimization (physical, verbal, indirect), appraisal (control, threat) and emotional reaction (anger, sadness). All forms of victimization were positively associated with both emotions. Threat appraisals were positively associated with all forms of victimization and control appraisals were negatively associated with physical victimization. The relationships between appraisals and emotions varied according to victimization type. The effects of victimization upon emotions were not mediated via appraisals. These results extend our understanding of the relationships between victimization and affect