2,998 research outputs found
On the identity of broad-shelled mussels (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilus) from the Dutch delta region
Late Quaternary (Eemian) deposits of the Netherlands contain
shells that resemble those of living Mytilus galloprovincialis.
Similar broad-shelled mytilids also occur in estuaries of the
southwestern Netherlands together with slender individuals
typical of M. edulis. We sampled living mussels along a depth
gradient in the Oosterschelde to a) investigate whether a relation
exists between shell shape and depth, b) test if the broadshelled
specimens might represent M. galloprovincialis (or a
hybrid with M. edulis) and c) assess by inference if the Quaternary
specimens might be attributed to M. galloprovincialis as
well. In order to do so, we compared genetic (length polymorphism
of Me 15/16, COIII sequences and AFLPs) and shellmorphological
characteristics (juvenile L/W ratios and socalled
Verduin parameters) of the same specimens. The obtained
dataset indicates that all studied mussels from the Oosterschelde
should be attributed to M. edulis, including those with
broad shell outlines. No correlation of shell-morphology and
depth-distribution was found. The worn and generally damaged
state of the Eemian specimens precluded measurement of the
Verduin parameters, while juvenile L/W ratios turned out not to
be diagnostic. Therefore the shell characters examined in this
study are insufficient to demonstrate the possible presence of
M. galloprovincialis shells in Quaternary deposits of the Netherlands.
An XMM-Newton and Chandra investigation of the nuclear accretion in the Sombrero Galaxy (NGC4594)
We present an analysis of the XMM-Newton and Chandra ACIS-S observations of
the LINER nucleus of the Sombrero galaxy and we discuss possible explanations
for its very sub-Eddington luminosity by complementing the X-ray results with
high angular resolution observations in other bands. The X-ray investigation
shows a hard (Gamma=1.89) and moderately absorbed (N_H=1.8 10^21 cm^-2) nuclear
source of 1.5 10^40 erg s^-1 in the 2-10 keV band, surrounded by hot gas at a
temperature of \sim 0.6 keV. The bolometric nuclear luminosity is at least \sim
200 times lower than expected if mass accreted on the supermassive black hole,
that HST shows to reside at the center of this galaxy, at the rate predicted by
the spherical and adiabatic Bondi accretion theory and with the high radiative
efficiency of a standard accretion disc. The low luminosity, coupled to the
observed absence of Fe-K emission in the nuclear spectrum, indicates that such
a disc is not present. This nucleus differs from bright unobscured AGNs also
for the lack of high flux variability and of prominent broad Halpha emission.
However, it is also too faint for the predictions of simple radiatively
inefficient accretion taking place at the Bondi rate; it could be too radio
bright, instead, for radiatively inefficient accretion that includes strong
mass outflows or convection. This discrepancy could be solved by the possible
presence of nuclear radio jets. An alternative explanation of the low
luminosity, in place of radiative inefficiency, could be unsteady accretion.Comment: 24 pages, including 7 figures; to be published in the Ap
Making FORS2 fit for exoplanet observations (again)
For about three years, it was known that precision spectrophotometry with
FORS2 suffered from systematic errors that made quantitative observations of
planetary transits impossible. We identified the Longitudinal Atmospheric
Dispersion Compensator (LADC) as the most likely culprit, and therefore engaged
in a project to exchange the LADC prisms with the uncoated ones from FORS1.
This led to a significant improvement in the depth of FORS2 zero points, a
reduction in the systematic noise, and should make FORS2 again competitive for
transmission spectroscopy of exoplanets.Comment: To appear in the March issue of the ESO Messenge
Radio Sources in Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei. I. VLA Detections of Compact, Flat-Spectrum Cores
We report a 0.2" resolution, 15 GHz survey of a sample of 48 low-luminosity
active galactic nuclei with the Very Large Array. Compact radio emission has
been detected in 57% (17 of 30) of LINERs and low-luminosity Seyferts, at least
15 of which have a flat to inverted radio spectrum (alpha > -0.3). The compact
radio cores are found in both type 1 (i.e. with broad Halpha) and type 2
(without broad Halpha) nuclei. The 2 cm radio power is significantly correlated
with the emission-line ([OI] lambda6300) luminosity. While the present
observations are consistent with the radio emission originating in star-forming
regions, higher resolution radio observations of 10 of the detected sources,
reported in a companion paper (Falcke et al. 2000), show that the cores are
very compact (= 10^8K) and
probably synchrotron self-absorbed, ruling out a starburst origin. Thus, our
results suggest that at least 50% of low-luminosity Seyferts and LINERs in the
sample are accretion powered, with the radio emission presumably coming from
jets or advection-dominated accretion flows. We have detected only 1 of 18
`transition' (i.e. LINER + HII) nuclei observed, indicating their radio cores
are significantly weaker than those of `pure' LINERs.Comment: To appear in the Astrophysical Journal, October 20, 200
Running head: IMPROVING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT 1 A Systems-based Synthesis of Research Related to Improving Students ’ Academic Performance
This paper addresses the issue of school improvement by looking to research on both the variables that should be the focus of school improvement efforts as well as factors that make it more likely that the organization will actually implement research findings. Issues of transformational leadership, instructional leadership, and high functioning teams are addressed; Hattie’s (2009) review of over 800 meta-analyses of variables related to school achievement is the primary source of identifying classroom and school variables that can be addressed by educators. As developed nations move out of the industrial age into the information/conceptual age, there is an ongoing debate about how to best prepare children and youth for adult success in the twenty-first century (Huitt, 1999b, 2007). While there is a consensus that schools should play a major role in this process, there is less agreement about exactly what that role should be. Some believe that the primary focus of schools should be academic preparation of students (Hirsch, 1987, 1996; Tienken, & Wilson, 2001), that classroom teachers are primarily responsible for student academic achievement (Darling-Hammond, 2000), and schools should efficiently and effectively organize themselves towards that task (Engelmann & Carnine, 1991). These effort
Chandra Observations of NGC 4438: An Environmentally Damaged Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster
We present results from a 25 ksec CHANDRA ACIS-S observation of galaxies
NGC4438 and NGC4435 in the Virgo Cluster. X-ray emission in NGC4438 is observed
in a ~700 pc nuclear region, a 2.3 kpc spherical bulge, and a network of
filaments extending 4-10 kpc to the W and SW of the galaxy. The X-ray emission
in all 3 regions is highly correlated to similar features observed in Halpha.
Spectra of the filaments and bulge are well represented by a 0.4 keV MEKAL
model with combined 0.3-2 keV intrinsic luminosity of 1.24x10^{40}erg/s,
electron densities ~ 0.02-0.04 cm^{-3}, cooling times of 400-700 Myr and X-ray
gas mass <~ 3.7x10^8 Msolar. In the nuclear region of NGC4438 X-ray emission is
seen from the nucleus and from two outflow bubbles extending 360(730) pc to the
NW(SE) of the nucleus. The spectrum of the NW outflow bubble plus nucleus is
well fitted by an absorbed (n_H=1.9x10^{21} cm^{-2}) 0.58 keV MEKAL plasma
model plus a heavily absorbed (n_H = 2.9 x10^{22} cm^{-2}) Gamma = 2, power law
component. The electron density, cooling time, and X-ray gas mass in the NW
outflow are ~0.5 cm^{-3}, 30 Myr and 3.5x10^6 Msolar. Weak X-ray emission is
observed in the central region of NGC4435 with the peak of the hard emission
coincident with the galaxy's optical center; while the peak of the soft X-ray
emission is displaced 316 pc to the NE. The spectrum of NGC 4435 is well fitted
by a non-thermal power law plus a thermal component from 0.2-0.3 keV diffuse
ISM gas. We argue that the X-ray properties of gas outside the nuclear region
in NGC4438 and in NGC4435 favor a high velocity, off-center collision between
these galaxies ~ 100 Myr ago; while the nuclear X-ray emitting outflow gas in
NGC4438 has been heated only recently (within ~ 1-2 Myr) by shocks (v_s ~ 600
kms^{-1}) possibly powered by a central AGN.Comment: 40 pages, 7 figures; minor changes to conform to published version,
improved spectral fits to NGC 4435, improved figures 3,5; new figures 6b,
Influence of major mergers on the radio emission of elliptical galaxies
We investigate the influence of major mergers on the radio emission of
elliptical galaxies. We use a complete sample of close pairs, which contains
475 merging and 1828 non-merging paired elliptical galaxies of M_r<-21.5
selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. In addition, a control sample of
2000 isolated field galaxies is used for comparison. We cross-identify the
optical galaxies with the radio surveys of FIRST and NVSS. We find that the
radio fraction of merging paired galaxies is about 6%, which is slightly higher
than the 5% obtained for non-merging paired galaxies, although these values are
consistent with each other owing to the large uncertainty caused by the limited
sample. The radio fraction is twice as that of isolated galaxies, which is less
than 3%. Radio emission of elliptical galaxies is only slightly affected by
major mergers, but predominantly depends on their optical luminosities.
Therefore, merging is not important in triggering the radio emission of
elliptical galaxies.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in A&A, minor
change
The Influence of Bars on Nuclear Activity
We test ideas on fueling of galactic nuclei by bar-driven inflow by comparing
the detection rate and intensity of nuclear H II regions and AGNs among barred
and unbarred galaxies in a sample of over 300 spirals selected from our recent
optical spectroscopic survey of nearby galaxies. Among late-type spirals
(Sc-Sm), but not early-type (S0/a-Sbc), we observe in the barred group a very
marginal increase in the detection rate of H II nuclei and a corresponding
decrease in the incidence of AGNs. The minor differences in the detection
rates, however, are statistically insignificant, most likely stemming from
selection effects and not from a genuine influence from the bar. The presence
of a bar seems to have no noticeable impact on the likelihood of a galaxy to
host either nuclear star formation or an AGN. The nuclei of early-type barred
spirals do exhibit measurably higher star-formation rates than their unbarred
counterparts, as indicated by either the luminosity or the equivalent width of
H-alpha emission. By contrast, late-type spirals do not show such an effect.
Bars have a negligible effect on the strength of the AGNs in our sample,
regardless of the Hubble type of the host galaxy. This result confirms similar
conclusions reached by other studies based on much smaller samples.Comment: To appear in the Astrophysical Journal. LaTex, 31 pages including 6
postscript figures and 3 tables. AAStex macros include
Prevalence and Predictors of Overweight and Insulin Resistance in Offspring of Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with high birth weight in the offspring. This may lead to overweight and insulin resistance during childhood. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of GDM on overweight risk and insulin resistance in offspring. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: BMI measurements were collected at age 2, 8, and 11 years from 232 offspring of mothers with GDM (OGDM) and compared with those from 757 offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (OT1D) and 431 offspring of nondiabetic mothers (ONDM) born between 1989 and 2000. Insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) was determined at age 8 and 11 years in 751 children (74 OGDM). Overweight was defined as BMI percentile >or=90; insulin resistance was defined by HOMA-IR. RESULTS: Overweight prevalence was increased in OGDM compared with OT1D and to ONDM throughout childhood (age 11 years 31.1, 15.8, and 15.5%; P = 0.005). Maternal obesity was an important predictor of overweight risk in children (age 11 years odds ratio 7.0 [95% CI 1.8-27.7]; P = 0.006); birth size and maternal smoking during pregnancy were inconsistently associated with and treatment of GDM during pregnancy did not affect overweight risk. HOMA-IR was increased in OGDM compared with offspring of ONDM mothers (P = 0.01, adjusted for sex and age) and was associated with the child's BMI (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and insulin resistance in children is increased in OGDM compared with OT1D or ONDM. The finding that overweight risk is associated mainly with maternal obesity suggests that familial predisposition contributes to childhood growth in these offspring
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