6sterreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft / Synthetisch hergestellte Nanomaterialien in Konsumprodukten und deren Verbleib am Ende ihrer Nutzungsphase

Seit geraumer Zeit finden k\ufcnstlich hergestellte und oberfl\ue4chenmodifizierte Nanomaterialien in diversen Alltagsprodukten Anwendung. F\ufcr die gegenst\ue4ndliche Materialflussanalyse wurden 6 Nanokonsumprodukte ausgew\ue4hlt, die am \uf6sterreichischen Markt erh\ue4ltlich sind und vorwiegend metallische Nanomaterialien enthalten (d. h.: Nano-SiO2, -TiO2, -Ag oder CdSe-Quantenpunkte). Ein Produktbeispiel enthielt Kohlenstoffnanor\uf6hrchen (kurz CNTs). F\ufcr die Materialflussanalysen mussten die Nanomaterial-Inputmengen auf Produktebene abgesch\ue4tzt werden. Anhand von Produktinformationen sowie wissenschaftlichen Publikationen wurden erste Hochrechnungen des \uf6sterreichweiten Verbrauchs durchgef\ufchrt. Beim Produktbeispiel \u201eTV-Ger\ue4te mit Quantenpunkt-Displays\u201c war die Datengrundlage so d\ufcrftig, dass keine Mengenabsch\ue4tzung m\uf6glich war. Dieses Szenario ist aber Beispiel daf\ufcr, dass bei vielen Produktkategorien mangelnde bis keine Produktinformationen vorliegen und f\ufcr diese daher derzeit keine quantitative Absch\ue4tzung des Verbleibs von Nanomaterialien in Abfallstr\uf6men m\uf6glich ist. Die ersten Mengenabsch\ue4tzungen zeigen, dass Nano-TiO2 bereits im Tonnenma fstab in Sonnencremen eingesetzt wird (in 6sterreich ca. 5,4 bis 40,8 t/a). Nano-SiO2 in Autoversiegelungen, Nano-Ag in Wandfarben oder Putzlappen sowie CNTs in Tennisschl\ue4gern werden hingegen eher im unteren einstelligen Kilogrammma fstab eingesetzt. Anhand der Materialflussanalysen l\ue4sst sich absch\ue4tzen, dass sich metallische/metalloxidische Nanomaterialien mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit im Zuge der Abfallbehandlung in Sekund\ue4rabf\ue4llen, wie Verbrennungsr\ufcckst\ue4nden, anreichern, welche wiederum gr\uf6 ftenteils deponiert werden. Kohlenstoffbasierte Nanomaterialien wie CNTs werden mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit w\ue4hrend der Abfallverbrennung vollst\ue4ndig oxidiert. Ihre Elimination kann aber nur dann gew\ue4hrleistet werden, wenn w\ue4hrend der Verbrennung eine entsprechend lange Verweildauer bei hohen Temperaturen sichergestellt ist. Die Unsicherheiten bzw. gro fen Schwankungsbreiten der hochgerechneten Nanomaterialfl\ufcsse verdeutlichen, dass es noch gro fe Wissens- und Informationsl\ufccken gibt und vor allem entsprechender Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich des genauen Umweltverhaltens von Nanoprodukten \u2013 insbesondere \ufcber das Verhalten und potenzielle Freisetzungspfade in der Entsorgungsphase \u2013 besteht.For some time now, engineered and surface-modified nanomaterials have been used in various everyday products. For the material flow analyses presented in the following paper, six nano-based consumer products were selected that are available on the Austrian market and primarily contain metallic nanomaterials (nano-SiO2, -TiO2, -Ag or CdSe quantum dots); one sample product contained carbon nanotubes (CNTs). For the purpose of the material flow analyses, it was necessary to estimate the amounts of nanomaterial input at the product level. On the basis of available product information and academic publications, initial estimates of consumption in Austria were prepared. In the case of the sample product \u201ctelevisions with quantum dot displays,\u201d there was too little data available to do so. However, this scenario offers valuable proof of the fact that little to no product information is available for many product categories, making it impossible to quantitatively estimate the amount of nanomaterials in waste streams. The initial estimates show that tons of nano-TiO2 are already used in sun creams (ca. 5.4 to 40.8 t/year in Austria). In contrast, only several kilograms each of nano-SiO2 (in automotive paint sealants), nano-Ag (in indoor paints and washcloths), and CNTs (in tennis rackets) are used each year. Based on the material flow analyses it can be assumed that, in the course of waste treatment, metallic/metal oxide nanomaterials very likely enrich in secondary waste like combustion residues, which in turn predominantly end up in landfills. Carbon-based nanomaterials like CNTs are most likely completely oxidized in the course of incineration. However, their elimination can only be ensured if they are subjected to high temperatures for a sufficiently long time. The uncertainties/substantial variances in the projected nanomaterial flows clearly show that there are still considerable gaps in our knowledge and available information, and that research regarding the exact environmental fate of nano-products \u2013 especially into their behavior and potential emission pathways in the disposal phase \u2013 is urgently needed

Nationaler Energie- und Klimaplan (NEKP) für Österreich - Wissenschaftliche Bewertung der in der Konsultation 2023 vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen [National Energy and Climate Plan (NEKP) for Austria - Scientific assessment of the measures proposed in the 2023 consultation]

Um den globalen Klimawandel zu bremsen, seine Auswirkungen abzumildern und eine nach-haltige Zukunft für junge und zukünftige Generationen zu gestalten, sind internationale Koor-dination sowie umfassende nationale Umsetzungspläne für Klimamaßnahmen unerlässlich. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das Bundesministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Energie, Mobi-lität, Innovation und Technologie (BMK) nach Einbindung der relevanten anderen österreichi-schen Bundesministerien Ende Juni 2023 den Entwurf eines integrierten nationalen Energie- und Klimaplans (NEKP) für Österreich (Periode 2021-2030) vorgelegt. Dieser Entwurf stand im Sommer 2023 zur Kommentierung offen, um eine breite Beteiligung von öffentlichen und privaten Institutionen und Personen sicherzustellen. In order to slow down global climate change, mitigate its effects and shape a sustainable future for young and future generations, international coordination and comprehensive national implementation plans for climate measures are essential. Against this background, the Federal Ministry for Climate Protection, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology (BMK), after involving the relevant other Austrian federal ministries, presented the draft of an integrated national energy and climate plan (NEKP) for Austria at the end of June 2023 ( Period 2021-2030). This draft was open for comment in summer 2023 to ensure broad participation from public and private institutions and individuals

Glycosylation increases active site rigidity leading to improved enzyme stability and turnover

Glycosylation is the most prevalent protein post‐translational modification, with a quarter of glycosylated proteins having enzymatic properties. Yet, the full impact of glycosylation on the protein structure–function relationship, especially in enzymes, is still limited. Here, we show that glycosylation rigidifies the important commercial enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which in turn increases its turnover and stability. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that glycosylation increased holo‐HRP's thermal stability and promoted significant helical structure in the absence of haem (apo‐HRP). Glycosylation also resulted in a 10‐fold increase in enzymatic turnover towards o‐phenylenediamine dihydrochloride when compared to its nonglycosylated form. Utilising a naturally occurring site‐specific probe of active site flexibility (Trp117) in combination with red‐edge excitation shift fluorescence spectroscopy, we found that glycosylation significantly rigidified the enzyme. In silico simulations confirmed that glycosylation largely decreased protein backbone flexibility, especially in regions close to the active site and the substrate access channel. Thus, our data show that glycosylation does not just have a passive effect on HRP stability but can exert long‐range effects that mediate the ‘native’ enzyme's activity and stability through changes in inherent dynamics

HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider – Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries

FCC-ee: The Lepton Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 2

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in the same 100 km tunnel. The scientific capabilities of the integrated FCC programme would serve the worldwide community throughout the 21st century. The FCC study also investigates an LHC energy upgrade, using FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the second volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the electron-positron collider FCC-ee. After summarizing the physics discovery opportunities, it presents the accelerator design, performance reach, a staged operation scenario, the underlying technologies, civil engineering, technical infrastructure, and an implementation plan. FCC-ee can be built with today’s technology. Most of the FCC-ee infrastructure could be reused for FCC-hh. Combining concepts from past and present lepton colliders and adding a few novel elements, the FCC-ee design promises outstandingly high luminosity. This will make the FCC-ee a unique precision instrument to study the heaviest known particles (Z, W and H bosons and the top quark), offering great direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics

FCC Physics Opportunities: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 1

We review the physics opportunities of the Future Circular Collider, covering its e+e-, pp, ep and heavy ion programmes. We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the synergy and complementarity of the different colliders, which will contribute to a uniquely coherent and ambitious research programme, providing an unmatchable combination of precision and sensitivity to new physics

HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries